A Study On The Contribution Of The Theory And Medical Contribution

ObjectiveFrom the perspective of personal history, the paper verified and researched on the relevant issues of distinguished Japanese medical practitioner, Quzhilai Daosan (Manase Dosan), in 16th century. The paper systematically analyzed his growth environment, life story, academic ideology, clinical practice, prescription and medication, and significant contributions, deeply discussed his clinical medical records and thought and ideas of health preservation. Besides, comprehensive comparison of contemporary medical practitioner, Xue Ji, in China was carried on. Some beneficial enlightenment was summarized aiming at providing reference for historical researches on medicine and medical communications between Japan and China.Methods1. By philology including version, emendation, textual exegesis and a variety of professional data bank retrieval, latest research outcomes and first-hand literatures especially from Library of Medicine Historiography Laboratory, School of Medicine, Juntendo University in Japan, Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kitasato University in Japan, and National Diet Library were adopted in order to deeply and systematically study and analyze the related literatures of Quzhilai Daosan (Manase Dosan), and try to trace his colorful life, and summarize and extract his lifetime, academic opinion, theoretical feature, law of clinical practice and successive characteristics.2. By comprehensive application of clinical study and qualitative and quantitative methods, exposition of some disease categories was analyzed in details, especially in some detailed clinical medical cases recording modification of herbs and reflecting the process of thinking and differentiating in order to conclude his thinking of syndrome differentiation and characteristic mode in clinic. Qi Di Ji (Keiteki Shu) as a representative book of great importance was studied, and frequency of herbal usage in some formula in certain sections and frequency of other medical works cited by him were calculated in quantitative research, on which the qualitative judgment was made.3. By comparative study, Quzhilai Daosan (Manase Dosan) was set as a principal lien, and inheritance and innovation for other medical practitioners in school of the later were involved as well as different directions of medicine in the same period between China and Japan. Besides, he was comparatively analyzed with a distinguished medical practitioner, Xue Ji in Ming dynasty in China, in order to further clarify their respective different features and trend genesis.4. By combination of internal history and informal history, major medical thoughts represented by Quzhilai Daosan (Manase Dosan) in school of the later were discussed and academic clinical characteristics of medical practitioners in the same period but from different countries were analyzed and comparatively studied aiming at sketching out the historical route of medical evolution. The comparison was zoomed into the scopes of socio-culture, historical geography, religion, and philosophy, etc. in order to further analyze the causes of different directions of medicine between China and Japan and their merit and demerit, both of which were inherited from medicine in Jin and Yuan dynasties.ResultsThe paper mainly focused on Quzhilai Daosan (Manase Dosan), and included other aspects like historical and cultural background, features of Japanese inheritance education, succession and development of school of the later, and review and comment on causes of trend in different schools, which basically involved main medical literatures and important related comprehensive literatures on Quzhilai Daosan (Manase Dosan) both in China and Japan.Quzhilai Daosan (Manase Dosan) in the research was one of representative medical practitioners in the middle of 16th century in Japan. He created school of the later in KampoMedicine in Japan, established unified Japanese medical system, and founded the first medical school-Qidi school. Since then, Japanese Kampo medicine was in an independent development and played a decisive role in the history of Japanese medicine development. He was called progenitor of resurgence. Quzhilai Daosan (Manase Dosan) was well-known in Japan, but researches on him by Japanese scholars were focused on details like his personal and family histories from the perspective of informal history. But his academic origin and characteristics, mining of clinical experience, and analysis and summarization of medical records from his medical works were not fully researched. Especially, research on its same-root and different-branch relationship in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) by professional analysis from the perspective of medical technological development was absent. Meanwhile, domestic scholars attached great importance on three schools of Kampo Medicine including school of ancient formula, school of eclecticism, and school of textual criticism with lots of researches. They considered school of the later as a spread and extension of TCM, a connecting link among Kampo Medicine with few studies. Literature researches on school of the later were scattered in various integrative literature of medical history, and thesis and works in specially and systematically were rare, which led to vacancy and bias in the development of Japanese medicine. Therefore, research on Quzhilai Daosan (Manase Dosan) was a blank urgently filled up in related fields both at home and abroad.Innovative achievement of the study was mainly reflected in systematic clarification of lifetime, academic thought, and medical contribution in Quzhilai Daosan (Manase Dosan) for the first time. Muromachi period when Quzhilai Daosan (Manase Dosan) lived in Japan was corresponding with later period of Ming dynasty in China. The paper firstly divided his lifetime into six stages based on directions of temple, school, master-learning, clinical practice, writing works, and seclusion. After description, it was clear that profound Confucian basis, deep understanding on national conditions and conditions of the people, reflection and comprehension of following with the master for observation, and incessant clinical practice were key points for traditional medical practitioner growing to be a master. The paper systematically researched on characteristics of contents in Qi Di Ji (Keiteki Shu), one of his representative works, and put forward treatment based on pattern observation, different pattern identifications based on different diseases, and features of Japanization tendency. His clinical and academic characteristics basically framed as theories of yin and yang, five elements, and qi and blood were definitely combed and summarized. The specific characteristics were his opinions of illness that was due to the healthy qi failing to conquer pathogenic qi and imbalance among zang-fu organs, qi, blood, and body fluids, promotion and expansion of characteristics of Li (Dong-yuan) and Zhu (Dan-xi) medical schools, insistence on thought of simplicity, and emphasis on practical operation, especially flexible application of formula for modifications. He constructed the earliest pattern identification and treatment system, and initiated evidence-based medicine in Japan. In diagnostics, he paid great attention to pulse-taking among four diagnostic methods including inspection, auscultation and olfaction, inquiry and pulse-taking and palpation. He was the first clinical practitioner using Renying Qikou pulse-taking method. By six-part pulse diagnosis, cause due to external or internal was differentiated. The pulse-taking of Hukou was applied in department of pediatrics. In health preservation, Quzhilai Daosan (Manase Dosan) abided by Li-Zhu medicine, thought of Sun Si-miao, and Confucianism and proposed emphasis of tonifying the postnatal and self-cultivation. He put forwards many ideas in aspects of health preservations in the aged, warrior, diet, and living. A full set of academic system including principle, method, formula, and medication from him deeply influenced on academic thought of clinical health preservation in later generations and individual development of Japanese Kampo medicine. Meanwhile, he turned back tendencies of overall adoption of TCM and-religious spirit dominating medicine. The paper further clarified his merit. He truly applied traditional Chinese medical theories to diagnose and treat diseases from which he established a full set of medical theory and clinical practice system. Since then, school of the later was rooted in Japan and developed. From Quzhilai Daosan (Manase Dosan), special connotation and essence-qi-spirit were witnessed in Kampo medicine.ConclusionAs can be seen from the study, Quzhilai Daosan (Manase Dosan), an originator of school of the later in Kampo medicine, was a meritorious statesman from whom the latest medical thought in Ming dynasty in China was rooted in Japan and should be particularized. Since then, inflection point of Kampo medicine appeared. Based on his profound Confucianism background, he culminated great achievements based on TCM from Song, Jin, and Yuan dynasties. Due to his long-term clinical observation from his master, he could get rid of old style and created a new way of evidence-based medicine in Japan. Due to his deep experience and observation on national conditions and conditions of the people, he could usher Kampo medicine into an independent process. Kampo medicine was not a branch simply originated from TCM, which accepted or rejected TCM in selection and had some reformations. Understanding the process of development and evolution of Kampo medicine is beneficial to clearly see the essence of TCM. New cognition will be produced in comparison of medical knowledge systems between China and Japan. All these treasured historical experience plays important values on grasping law of development in traditional medicine, strengthening medical cultural and practical exchanges between China and Japan, and promoting inheritance and innovation of TCM in a new era.The study has an important reference on modern development of TCM. Currently, TCM has been incorporated into national strategy for the first time, which is a great opportunity with advantages of favorable climatic, geographical and human conditions. Experts and scholars from various fields have unprecedented consensus on own rule characteristics of TCM. However, under impacts of modern medicine and technological advancements, how to grasp the unique law of TCM development and how to further recognize and exert the expertise of classical formulae of TCM in clinical practice have became a bottleneck of leaping development of TCM. Medicine in China and Japan is with the same source and different branches. Analysis and observation on important historical period of evolution of Kampo medicine, in which Japanese medical practitioners accepted, rejected, and reformed TCM and developed independently is beneficial to see the core and essence of TCM. The growth characteristics, academic system, and resurgence of Kampo medicine in Quzhilai Daosan (Manase Dosan) are reflected by philosophy of inheriting TCM essence and taking Japanese characteristics into consideration, which play an important reference on solving academic and practical problems of TCM development, grasping law of development of traditional medicine, promoting TCM theoretical development, and guiding clinical care.