A Study On The New-Manchu Of Northeast Area In Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)

There lived Kuyala, Qiakala, Hezhen, Suolun, Daur, Oroqen, Xibe, Gua'ercha, and other minorities in the northeast area of China during the Qing Dynasty. Before and after entering the Shanhai Pass, the Qing government had ever transferred these minorities inland and set the New-Manchu. The establishment of the New-Manchu and the transition had important impact on northeastern minorities, Manchu and the administration of the Qing government.Except the preface and the conclusion, this thesis consists of five chapters.The first chapter is an introduction, which defines and compares such concepts as"Manchu","New-Manchu"and so on, and clarifies the difference between the Old and the New-Manchu. The phrase"New-Manchu"emerged after the emergence of the name of"Manchu"ethno-national. The New-Manchu was compared to the"Old Manchu". The meaning and content of the Old and the New-Manchu had developed since Manchu entered the Shanhai Pass, and thus were different before and after Manchu's entrance into the Shanhai Pass. The"New-Manchu"in this paper refers to the Manchu who"became banner people after site location".The second chapter concerns the formation and transfer of the"New-Manchu". This part details the formation and transfer of the New-Manchu, on a basis of brief introducing northeastern minorities'ethno-national names, origin, distribution, economic and social development, political relationship with the Qing government, etc. Before Manchu entered the Shanhai Pass, the Qing emperors such as Taizu and Taizong had unified northeast, and allocated native banners to captives and surrenders. Thus, the New-Manchu had been roughly formed. After entering the Shanhai Pass, the Qing government continued to allocate native banners to such minorities as Kuyala, Hezhen, Xibe, Owenki, and Oroqen that had not submitted, and then garrisoned them in northeast and southern places to the Shanhai Pass. The New-Manchu had been integrated into the Manchu community through settlement after transfer, appropriate management, experience inheritance, moral enlightenment and other methods. Hence northeastern minorities became the New-Manchu and then Manchu. Most of the New-Manchu had been completely integrated into the Manchu community until the middle and late period of the Qing Dynasty.The third chapter involves the management and positions of the"New-Manchu". The Qing government managed the New-Manchu through the policies such as embrace, award and special care, and meanwhile strengthened its control by carrying out the policies of"governing according to customs"and"governing by separation". Because of the implement of all these policies, the New-Manchu had a strong sense of belonging and centripetal force to the central authority. In order to manage the New-Manchu, the Qing government established a set of complete and effective organs for the central authority and local governments, and thus formed a system which focused on military management. After becoming banner people, the"New-Manchu"assumed the responsibilities of fortifying towns, safeguarding frontiers, regularly patrolling the border, calling up according to decrees, hunting animals as tributes, etc. They also needed to herd and feed horses and camels, and the hold the positions of guards, trainers and so on. Furthermore, they had to provide such services as carrying water, hewing trees, writing and putting up official notice, and even catching fish, and accept temporary work such as scouting.The fourth chapter is about the economic, cultural and educational life of the"New- Manchu". The economic life of the New-Manchu covers such aspects as salary, land, and trade. Salary does not only include the officials'and soldiers'daily salary and salary paid during wars, but also awards and relief provided by the Qing government. The New-Manchu mainly engaged in gathering, fishing and hunting. While fortifying towns, the Qing government allocated the banners'land and official land to the New-Manchu. As a result, the New-Manchu could subsidize military equipment and feed family by cultivating crops and lending land. The New-Manchu also provided convenience for themselves and verifying their economic life by trading at street market, border, or with Anda. The cultural education of the New-Manchu includes such two aspects as the education of soldiers and descendants. The Qing government provided the education of soldiers for banner people, and the main content was"official language, riding and archery". Meanwhile, the government set official schools for eight banners, free schools, etc banner schools, and supported the education of exiles'private schools, in order to systematically educate the descendants of the New-Manchu.The fifth chapter is on the historical functions and influence of establishing the"New Manchu". The set of the"New-Manchu"owned certain positive functions and influence. It ensured the source of soldiers for eight banners to some degree and hence strengthened the northeastern frontier, defended northeastern border against Russia's aggression, preserved the nation's unification and territorial integrity, and had vital impact on minorities who had lived in the northeast for generations and thus provided a basis for the modern distribution of northeastern ethno-national. In addition, it contributed a lot to the formation and development of the Manchu community. Numerous northeastern minorities became numbers of the New-Manchu, and thus provide fresh blood for the Manchu community, and accelerated the historical development of"one substance with various elements of Chinese nation". On the other hand, the establishment of the"New-Manchu"had negative effect on the development of northeastern minorities and formation of the minorities'community. The New-Manchu had frequently engaged in fighting for a long period, during which there had been rare substitution of soldiers. That led to a large casualty. In addition, the New-Manchu had had to assume such responsibilities as safeguarding frontiers and patrolling the border, and undertake lots of complex trivial and complex work, which largely decreased the population of northeastern minorities, and directly influenced the social, economic and cultural development of the New-Manchu and all the northeastern minorities.All in all, the Qing government's establishment of the New-Manchu in the northeast fulfilled vital historical functions such as economic construction, the defense of frontier and territory, the consolidation of national unification, and the strengthen of the Manchu community. During a certain period, the establishment of the New-Manchu promoted the concord between minorities, social progress, and stability of border to some degree, and especially made great contribution to developing and consolidating the northeastern frontier.