Language Contact And Language Change Of Jiangyong Mian Dialect And Chinese

Han nationality and Yao nationality in Xiangnan has a long history of language contact, and Xiangnan Mian Dialect has been deeply influenced by Chinese. The previous research has attached more importance to the synchronic influence of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary caused in the language contact, and never elaborated the historical strata of language contact. On the basis of systematically investigation of Jiangyong Mian dialect, Pingdiyaohua, Tuhua and Mandarin, we explore the historical strata of language contact and try to find out the mechanism of language contact and the width and depth of the influence brought by language contact. The paper adopts the method of field investigation, diachronic strata analysis and comparison. By analyzing the mean, process and result of the language contact between Mian dialect and Chinese, we provide a full and accurate regional example for the study of language contact, and explore the process of the development of Jiangyong Mian dialect and Chinese to some extent.The first section briefly introduces the value and significance of the research, retrospects the current study at home and abroad, explains the aim and method of the study, and offers the spots which have been investigated and the persons providing language materials. The second section briefly introduces geographical survey, historical development, nationality and language situation of Jiangyong county, gives a detailed introduction to the main languages and dialects in Jiangyong county, explores the phonetic features from the perspective of language transformation, offers an opinion that Jiangyong Tuhua is a compound language composed of several languages and dialects, it's not a language spoken by the Yao people who are assimilated by Han nationality. The third section introduces the history and type of language contact between Jiangyong Han nationality and Yao nationality. On the basis of the type of language contact, we put forward a new proposal for the analysis of the correspondence in the tone categories between the Middle-ancient-Chinese loanwords in Mian Dialect and the middle ancient Chinese. The fourth section expounds the influence of Chinese on the phonological, lexical and semantic, syntactic system of Jiangyong Mian dialect. Influenced by Chinese, the rhyme system of Jiangyong Mian dialect simplified, the direction of the language change of it is in keeping with the local Chinese dialect. The main means of enriching the vocabulary in contemporary Jiangyong Mian dialect is using the Chinese loan words, which takes the percentage of 50% in Jiangyong Mian dialect. Some Chinese loan words which have the ability of forming new words have already taken the place of the local words in Mian dialect and formed a new vocabulary pattern. Because of the deep contact with Chinese, the Chinese loan words may not only become a unary component but also become a morpheme in Mien Dialect. Some derivations appear in the grammar system of it, such as the transition of the word order, the borrowing of the function words and the addition of the sentence patterns. The fifth section expounds the strata of the contact between Jiangyong Mian Dialect and Chinese. Chinese loanwords in Jiangyong Mian Dialect can be divided into four strata, namely, contemporary, modern, the middle ancient and ancient period. The paper also discusses the phonetic features of each stratum of loan words and the source the loanwords borrowed from, analyses the reason why Mian Dialect has plenty of loanwords from Yue Dialect, and finds some loanwords borrowed from Xiang Dialect and Xiangnan Tuhua. The result shows that Jiangyong Mian Dialect has been deeply influenced by Yue Dialect and Jiangyong Mandarin, the influence of Jiangyong Tuhua is quite limited. The sixth section summarizes the complex presentation of language contact and language change in Jiangyong systematically and from various angels, describes the extent of the language contact between Jiangyong Mian Dialect and Chinese,and tries to find out the mechanism of language contact in the perspective of word contact.The all-around research on Jiangyong dialects and languages shows that Mian dialect spoken by Jiangyong Guoshanyao is in the stage of concurrent use of Jiangyong Mandarin, the two languages undertake different communicative functions in different language environment. Influenced by Chinese, some derivations occurred in its language system. The biggest derivation is in the lexical system, then the phonological system, and finally the syntactic system. As the influence of Chinese occurred in the phonological, semantic and syntactic aspects, and changes have taken place in its original elements, frame and rules, the influence of Chinese to Jiangyong Mian dialect is a kind of deep influence. The functions and basic characteristics of the phonological, lexical and syntactic structure of Jiangyong Mian Dialect still remain, so we conclude that it's not a mixed language. As for the Pingdiyaohua spoken by Jiangyong Pingdiyao, it belongs to a kind of Chinese dialect. Pingdiyaohua is a good example of language transformation. It is similar to Jiangyong Tuhua , with few substratum words.In the process of mutual language influence, the influence of Chinese to Mian Dialect is much greater than that of Mian Dialect to Chinese. As a result of the strong influence of Chinese, Jiangyong Mian Dialect has deviated from its intrinsic developing track and shares many similar linguistic features with Chinese. It is a kind of language which is melting with Chinese.We give an overall description on the languages and dialects in Jiangyong and offer new materials for the study of the languages of Miaoyao Family, Xiangnan Tuhua and Mandarin. The paper discusses the classification of Jiangyong Mian Dialect and Jiangyong Pingdiyaohua, depicts the main characteristics of the languages and dialects in Jiangyong, and explores the phonetic rules of the development of Mian dialect and Chinese to some extent.There are strata in the linguistic relations. Only should we keep the idea of stratum in mind in dealing with the contact relations between minority languages and Chinese, we can realize the rules of the language contact. On the basis of field work and language facts, the paper divides the loanwords into four strata, namely, contemporary, modern, the middle ancient and ancient period, adopting the method of diachronic strata analysis. Our work constitutes the pioneer research and the method we adopted is more effective than the basic method of historical linguistics which encountered various difficulties in analyzing the historical relations of the languages in China.Traditional research decides the classification of a dialect on the basis of the interior phonetic comparison. When discussing the formation of dialects, more emphasis is put on internal cause and external cause is often neglected. Adopting the method of internal and external comparison, we try to explore the cause of the formation and change of Jiangyong Tuhua from the perspective of language transformation, and offer an opinion that Jiangyong Tuhua is a compound language composed of several languages and dialects In a perspective of language use, Chinese takes three kinds of presentations: firstly, Chinese spoken by Han nationality; secondly, Chinese spoken by some minorities who abandon their native languages; thirdly, Chinese spoken by some minorities in some pubic places, with their native language still in use. Plenty has been discussed on the first kind of situation, but little is known about the other two kinds of situations. Our study on Jiangyong Pingdiyaohua and Mandarin spoken by Yao nationality fills this gap and may be of help to explain the history and the present of Chinese and to predict the development and change of Chinese.