River State Phonetic Study

Hezhou is ancient name of Linxia in Gansu province,lies in the upper reaches of the Yellow river,including 6 countries:Linxia Town,Linxia Country,Jishishan Country,Guanghe Country, Hezheng Country,Yongiing Country attached to Gansu province,and 6 countries:Xunhua Country,Tongren Country,Jianzha Country,Guide Country,Ledu Country,Minhe Country attached to Qinghai province.Hezhou which is a multiracial region is in the transition zone of the Jincheng cluster of Lanyin Mandarin and the Qinlong cluster of Zhongyuan Mandarin which are the state of mutual contact and influence,so the mixed-color of language is obvious.This paper selects 21 dialects of 12 countries which had been governed by Hezhou and goes into comprehensive and deep investigation in order to show the whole phonetic visage,and reveal their common phonetic features and internal differences.Based on horizontal comparison and vertical care for some important linguistic phenomenon.Chaper One briefly produces gographical environment,historical origin and development, language general situation of Hezhou dialects,and give a brief comment on dialectology situation of the cluster since the 20^th century;at the same time it also introduces the book's research contents,method,value as well as representative points of dialect and pronunciation partner of this paper.Chaper Two describes phonological system of 21 dialects of Hezhou.Chaper Tree compares phonological system of Hezhou and mediaeval phonological system.Chaper Four investigates the history evolvements for initial in Hezhou dialects,e.g.the archaic evolvements of the Voiced initials;the voice of evolvements of "Zhi-Zhang-Zhuang" groups;the evolvements of "Duan-Jing-Jian"groups before "Qi-Chi-Hu" compound vowels;the evolvements of "Yi-mu" and "Ni-mu,Wei-mu,Ying-mu,Yu-mu".The main viewpoints:The Ancient Voiced initials first are Aspirated,but the reason of the Ancient Voiced initials Ze tonal are Unaspirated in Hezhou dialects most probably is under massive wave or thrust of fluence from Zhongyuan Mandarin to the east and neighboring Lanyin Mandarin.Round-mouth characters of "Zhi" groups is in the the early stage of the evolvements of "tsu-＞tsv-＞tsf-＞tf-＞pf-".If is not the extraneous factor interference,"ts" final wound evolve into "pf".The evolvements of "Duan-Jing-Jian" groups first palatalized into "tc tc^h c" before "Qi-Chi-Hu" compound vowels,and then evolve into the dental initials "ts,ts^h,s" before[i]vowel.The initial about Jin groups of Ledu still can be read "ts,ts^h,s",and this phenomena is called re-evolvement.Chaper Five investigates the history evolvements for vowel in Hezhou dialects,e.g.the strong fiction of high vowels;the phenomena of De Mo(Mai) with[i]glide.The main viewpoints:The reason that the high vowel "i" "y" evolves into apical vowel is push chain.Along with the strong fiction,the high "u" final can evolve into labial.The phenomena of sound changes is a kind of pattern of "Er"(儿) Suffix,and the sound changes is only lies in yangsheng rhymes.The diversification pattern of the diminutive throttles the function of "Er"(儿) Suffix.De Mo(Mai) have an[i]glide is hut in Shanxi,Neimenggu,Ningxia province.Through the comparison with entering tones in these dialects,it is concluded,that[i]glide,is an influence outcome of Shanxi dialect.Chaper Six investigates the history evolvements for tone in Hezhou dialects,focusing on the analyzation of stress.The study concludes that the reason of the cause of stress is the function of tone is gradually desalting.Chaper Seven finds The phonetic visage of Hezhou dialects approaches with Jincheng cluster in Lanyin Mandarin,but it is very different from the near Qinlong cluster in Zhongyuan Mandarin through reorganization and induction of Hezhou dialects' features.It is practicably that Hezhou dialects is regarded as a transition zone of the Jincheng cluster of Lanyin Mandarin and the Qiniong cluster of Zhongyuan Mandarin,so we should consider Hezhou and Lanzhou as an language or cultural zone which is linked with Yellow River.Chaper Eight finds The form of Hezhou dialects are not under the influence of some one Chinese dialects or some one ethnic group languages,but are under the commonly influence of Chinese dialects and ethnic group languages,"the result of ethnic Han settlers and ethnic group languages Chinese localinzation".