The Study On Huaihai Group Of Ci Writers In The Reigns Of Xianfeng And Tongzhi

The development of Ci in Qing Dynasty is not smooth, which has experienced ups and downs. After the appearance of Yunjian School of Ci in the early Qing Dynasty, Wu Weiye, Gong Dingzi, Liuzhou School of Ci, Pi Ling group writers of Ci, three famous Ci writers in Ling Nan and so on, they occupied different places in China and had various Ci styles. Thereafter, Yangxian School of Ci, West Zhejiang School of Ci and Changzhou School of Ci appeared successively after the co-existence of hundreds of School of Ci in the early Qing Dynasty. During the reigns of Daoguang and Xianfeng, wars year after year disrupted the smooth transformation of Ci, but the development of Ci has not been completely blocked. The historical chaos accidentally created the occurrence of Ci History. The field of Ci during that time was also brilliant and colorful. From Deng Tingzhen during Daoguang and Xianfeng and "Lonely passenger" Jiang Chunlin to Xie Zhangting and Tan Xian which had unique styles, from four famous writers in late Qing Dynasty to Wang Guowei; all of them not only competed with each other, but also built the spectacular situation of the field of Ci.During the reigns of Xianfeng and Tongzhi, the emotions of Ci writers and the transformation of times were closely connected. More than twenty years, Ci writers disturbed by secular affairs and their works were also about these things. Writers’ interest and style, as well as their mentality were affected by the times. Because of the wars and chaos, they used Ci to expressing their emotions on homeland and families. Therefore they continued the development of Ci History, which integrated the state of the times and Ci writers’ mentality. Consequently, their works has been a unique view in the field of Ci during Xianfeng and Tongzhi.In this paper, we focuses on the field of Ci in Huai Hai area during Xianfeng and Tongzhi, exploring and analyzing Huai Hai group writers of Ci. Through the exploring of aggregation group activities and individual deeds, we can outline the original form of group and the development of the field of Ci. On this basis, we will make a comprehensive study on Huai Hai Ci writers under common historical background, studying the "causes", seeking "changes" and exploring "history", in order to explore the mentality of Ci writers and changes of styles of Ci, as well as interpret the interaction of group of Ci writers and the times. Therefore, we are trying to reconstruct the meaning and value of the group.The first chapter explores the historical and social background of the field of Ci in Xianfeng and Tongzhi, introducing the times background, academic environment and atmosphere of the field of Ci of Huai Hai group of Ci writers. The second chapter discusses Huai Hai group of Ci writers comprehensively. We focuses on the concept, characteristics, composition and examining of the Ci writers of the group, as well as characteristics of the flowing and mentality of the individuals in this group. We believe, compared with groups of Ci writers in other times, the gathering of Ci writers in Xianfeng and Tongzhi had passivity. This feature was determined by the external environment, but this feature also made a lot of gatherings accidentally promote the individuals’own development. In the group, although the Ci writers’native state, personality and experiences were various, the individual in this group also had the feature of group. Under the common historical conditions, there was a certain convergence of orientation. Speaking of the transformation of the styles of Ci, most of them had the same claims with the Ci writers in early Qing Dynasty; meanwhile, they established the personalized content and meaning of Ci History in the field of Ci in Xianfeng and Tongzhi. Based on the aforementioned claims, the paper launches on the textual research of the friendship among Huaihai group of Ci writers in third chapter. Focusing on members of Jiuqiu Ci Club and Ci writers of Huai Hai Qiujia Ji, we discuss their friendship and related activities thoroughly. In the fourth chapter, the article classifies and discusses different Ci based on their themes, which are war, chanting and inscription on paintings. We are trying to clarify their performance on Ci History according to their selection of these themes. The fifth chapter explores the styles and imitated orientation of Huai Hai group of Ci writers, digging out Ci writers’functions in the development of Ci. The sixth chapter treats Ci History as a clue, clarifying the characteristics and transforming processes of style of Ci, and studying the meaning and value of Ci History during this period. On this basis, the paper mainly discusses the writing and meaning of Ci History. We believe that although the performances of Ci writers’group mentality were different, but their creative minds were the same. The times, literature and the overall academic direction were closely related. Conflict and ambivalence of secular affairs were obviously expressed on Huai Hai group of Ci writers, and Ci can expose lots of clues of Ci writers’emotions and mentality which other genres cannot.