| National universities implemented the sabbatical leave system with a history of 30 years more or less and accumulated a rich and unique experience and lesson. This historical fact, however, do not be paid enough attention to among academic world. In view of this, the dissertation follows the principle of combining the macroscopic research and microscopic research,quantitative research and qualitative research, static study and dynamic study, uses literature method, history method, content analysis and case study method, conducts a monographic study on the sabbatical leave system in national universities during the Republic of China(1912-1949) on the basis of a comprehensive statement about its running track and a micro-examination to the case, inspects its motivation, analyzes its features, understands its implementing principles, seeks important conditions to realize its function. The study will enrich the history of higher education systems of our country by means of the supplement of historical materials, open a new window to cognize the faculty development system from a historical perspective, and provide valuable reference for the implementation of sabbatical leave system for the current universities.The sabbatical leave system in national universities was exotic. The sabbatical leave system originated from Harvard University in 1880 when American academic specialization significantly sped up, research was the soul of the American university, more and more professional faculty pursued the combination of teaching and research. The sabbatical leave system satisfied the interests of the university and professor. In the late 19th century and the early 20th century, increasingly American research universities implement the policy of sabbatical leave, which aroused the universities from other countries to follow. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, a series of internal and external factors such as the rising appealing of academic salvation, introduction of the returned student groups, foreign scholars & teachers and the staff from church universities in China, impetus to drive national universities transplant the sabbatical leave system and make academic research prosperous and independent,which promoted The Ministry of Education to issue the regulations of appointment and salary among the national university staff in 1917 including the provision of sabbatical leave, which provided the policy for the establishment of sabbatical leave system in national universities. Peking University was the first one to establish sabbatical leave system.The establishment of the system is the starting point of its running. After Nanjing National Government founded, the number of national universities to establish the sabbatical leave system increased gradually and at least 62.5% in 1928-1936. Its purpose of national universities was for the sake of the interests of both teachers and universities, but mainly for the benefit of the university. The maker of the sabbatical leave system in national universities was its legislative organization, mainly the academic council during the period of BeiYang government and mainly the university council during the period of Nanjing National Government. The study adopted the method of content analysis to the provision about the sabbatical leave system from national universities and some findings were, its priority purpose was permitted to study, it was open to the higher rank with assistant professors and professors, its period of prior consecutive service with 5 years and the length of 1 year were most required, it provided leave with pay and was prior to applicants who applied to study, it requied obligation to return to the original institution, it demanded more application and less report, there was common restriction to the number of faculty. Among the subjects including the receiver and approver and evaluator, the approver was clearer requested, the rest were not clear enough. In addition, national universities didn’t attach importance to the evaluation on sabbatical leave report.The practice of the system is the key in the process of its running. The environment such as unrest and centralized political environment, unstable economic environment, concerning foreign environment with relatively freedom and opening and educational environment including its spirit, systems and material, especially its faculty employment system, annual salary system and the part-time system, restricted or supported the practice of the sabbatical leave system in national universities. The expenditure used for sabbatical leave in national universities was obtained from national universities by themselves, foreign funds and local central government investment. According to the different sources, the study dynamically revealed its practice. In particular, at least 82.6% of the national universities participated in sabbaticals funded by ministry of education in 1940-1944 and as a whole the practice in these national universities got a high evaluation.A case study is helpful to deeply recognize something in detail. Peking University and Tsinghua University are typical national universities, Peking University was the first national university in China to establish sabbatical leave system and Tsinghua University was the longest national university in China to implement the sabbatical leave system among national universities, so Peking University and Tsinghua University will be selected as case object. This dissertation inspects and analyses the two cases respectively from its historical mission and the organizational environment, its sabbatical evolution, the sabbatical generation between faculty and the president and sabbatical practice. The microscopic study contributes to have an insight into the establishment and practice of the sabbatical leave system and its hidden factors.Based on the above research on the sabbatical leave system in national universities during the Republic of China(1912-1949), four conclusions are put forward:1) the existence of the sabbatical leave system was the result of academic specialization and scholarship respected;2) the sabbatical leave system was one kind of systems for faculty development by means of encouraging faculty flow with four basic characteristics of the academic orientation, interests fit and charging-release mechanism; 3)affordable funds and unaffected teaching affairs were taken as the basic principles to practice the sabbatical leave system;4) the function to realize the sabbatical leave system effective implementation requires the support of a variety of conditions. Response to the reality is also an important aspect by means of the historical research. This dissertation discusses three questions from the point of view of the reality:Is the sabbaticals for welfare or investment? Should sabbaticals be evaluated according to the charge or release? Should sabbatical place be at home or abroad? Should sabbatical task be teaching or research?... |
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