Assessment Of Facial Growth Based On Three-dimensional Anthropometric Technology And Social Adaptive Ability In Children With Williams Syndrome

Part1 The facial growth of children with Williams Syndrome based on three-dimensional anthropometric technologyObjective:To describe special facial growth characteristics of WS children and provide supplies for early screening and diagnosis by applying 3 dMDFace system to identifying WS children facial indices.Methods:From 2011 to 2016,144 cases of children who were diagnosed as WS by FISH,MPLA or CMA gene detects were selected including 77 males and 67 females.Among them,52 face samples of WS children were accepted to be captured by 3dMD Face system produced by 3DMD,U.S.(25 males and 27 females,age:5.78±3.83 years).Theses samples were matched with 208 normal samples(1:4)including 100 males and females(age:5.73±3.74 years).After distilling facial feature points from 3dMDFAce database,19 measurements such as Intercanthal width,Biocular width,Nose height,Nose width,Nose length,Mouth width,Face height,Upper face depth,Middle face depth,Lower face depth,Bitragal width,Ear length,Ear width,nasorostral angle,physiognomic upper facial index,height-breadth index of the nose,length-breadth index of the nose,morphological ear index and craniofacial variability index(CVI)are calculated based on genders and ages.Results:1.Gender-based facial growth comparison within WS group:the ear length and ear width of males are significantly greater than females(P<0.05),and the rest of the indicators have no statistical differences(P>0.05).2.Facial growth of WS group compared to normal group:Biocular width,Nose height,Nose width,Nose length,nasorostral angle,Upper face depth,Middle face depth,Lower face depth,Bitragal width,Ear length,Ear width of WS children are smaller(P<0.05),and physiognomic upper facial index is greater(P<0.001),and there was no statistical difference in the rest of the indicators(P>0.05).3.WS group(under 3Y)compared to normal group:Intercanthal width,Biocular width,Nose height,Nose length,nasorostral angle,Bitragal width,Ear length,Ear width,Face height,Upper face depth,Middle face depth,Lower face depth of WS children are significantly smaller than normal group(P<0.05).4.Preschool WS group(3～5Y)compared to normal group:Biocular width,Nose length,nasorostral angle,Bitragal width,Ear width,morphological ear index,Upper face depth,Middle face depth,Lower face depth of WS children are smaller than normal group(P<0.05),physiognomic upper facial index is greater(P=0.002).5.School-aged WS group(above 6Y)compared to normal group:Biocular width,nose width,Bitragal width,Ear width,Ear length,Upper face depth,Middle face depth,Lower face depth of WS children are smaller than normal group(P<0.05),physiognomic upper facial index is greater(P<0.001).6.CVI comparison:CVI(1.25±0.38)in WS group is greater than normal group(0.83±0.37)and has significant difference(P<0.001).And no statistical differences were found at ages in WS group(P>0.05).Conclusion:Through 3D stereo photogrammetric analysis,great variation can be found among WS children,specifically at eye,nose,ear and face shape.And different developmental features can be observed in respective age periods,which provides highly-distinctive statistical support to clinical diagnosis.Part 2 Social adaptive ability and behavioral development of children with Williams SyndromeObjective:To explore the characteristics of social adaptive ability and behavioral problems of Williams Syndrome children,and provide reference for early intervention.Methods:This study adopted a Social-life Abilities Scale for Infant-Junior High School Students to evaluate three groups of children,among them are Children with WS(N=26),normal children of matched chronological age(N=40)and normal children of matched intelligent age(N=30).By comparing scores of respective functional domains and applying Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire(PSQ),the study observed 26 cases of WS children and 25 cases of normal children to evaluate their behavioral problems.Results:Compared to the other two groups,WS children have more siblings.The caregivers’ educaiotnal levels are lower,too.Compared to the group of matched intelligent age,there is no significant diffrence in exercise ability,work,socialization and self-management(P>0.05).WS group obtained higher scores in independence and socialization than the other two groups and the difference is statically meaningful(P<0.05).Compared to the group of matched age,WS group scored lower in all the factors indicating behavioral problems(P<0.01).The incidence of behavioral problems in WS group scored higher than normal group in all the factors,excepted for hyperactivity-impulsiveness and anxiety.Specifically Learning problems ranked the highest,then hyperactivity index.However,no statistical difference could be observed within two age periods,namely 3-6Y and 7-14Y.Incidence of females’ moral problems was higher than that of males and the incidence of males’ psychosomatic disorder was higher than that of females(P<0.05).Conclusion:WS children have better social adaptive ability,which is manifested in communication and independence.The incidence of combined behavioral problems is high,in which learning problems rate the highest and then attention deficit hyperactivity.