A Rsearch On Human Skeleons Of Unearthed From The Graves During The Jin And Yuan Dynasties Around Jininglu Ancient City Site

The Jininglu Ancient City Site is located in the north of Tuchengzi Village,Bayannur Town,Chayouqian Banner,Wulanchabu City,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.According to The geographical records of Yuan dynasty history and the textual research on inscription tablet of Confucius Temple inside the city site,this ancient city was founded in The Third Year of Mingchang,Emperor Zhangzong of Jin Dynasty(1192).It was Jining country,Fu State in Jin Dynasty,and to be upgraded to Jininglu after Urban Extension in Yuan Dynasty.It was one of towns affiliatied to the Onggud Tribe.Through the archaeological excavation of the past years,a large number of tombs of the same period were discovered around Jininglu ancient city site.The human skeletons during Jin and Yuan Dynasty excavated from these tombs is currently enormous in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.The study of these human bone materials is beneficial to comprehend the health status and ethnic composition of the residents of Jininglu ancient city site during the Jin and Yuan period.Jininglu is the only Lu-level town affiliatied to the Onggud Tribe,which is located on the south of Yinshan mountains.comparing with the human bone materials unearthed from Cheng Buzi ancient city site of Jingzhoulu which is located on the north of Yinshan mountains affiliatied to the Onggud Tribe,the difference of residents racial component in different regions under Onggud Tribe jurisdiction can be glimpsed.In this paper,the comprehensive physical anthropology research,from the aspects of gender,age,limb bone,pathology and skull morphology,on the residents of Jin and Yuan period unearthed from the tombs around the ancient city of Jininglu had been done.This paper is divided into eight chapters.Chapter ? IntroductionIn this section,the natural geographical environment and historical evolution of Chayouqian Banner,the natural geographical location and distribution of the ancient city site of Jininglu and nearby cemeteries,survey of archaeological excavation and investigation of Jininglu ancient city site and surrounding tombs over the past years are introduced,and the research purpose of this paper and related issues are elaborated.Chapter ? Ancient Demography ResearchThrough gender and age identification,a comprehensive study and analysis was conducted on the composition of the gender ratio,the distribution of the average age of death and the average life expectancy of the population during Jin and Yuan dynasty of the cemeteries surrounding Jininglu ancient city site.It is deemed that the average death age and average life expectancy of the residents of Jininglu in Jin and Yuan period is at a high level.Chapter ? Surveying of Limb Bone ResearchThrough the measurement of limb bone length,angle and index calculation,the long-bone development of the limbs of the residents of Jininglu during Jin and Yuan period was investigated.It is believed that the residents of Jininglu in Jin and Yuan Dynasty had developed and stout legs,while the upper limbs had weak development.The height and body quality of residents in Jin and yuan period were calculated.The comparison shows that the mean height of men and women in Jin and yuan period of Jininglu is at a low level,and the sex duality index reflects that women in Jin and Yuan period of Jininglu may have little difference with men in the cost of maintaining basic life.In the Jin and Yuan period,intermediate type and dwarf type accounted for a certain proportion respectively among adult men and women.Chapter ? Research on PaleopathologyThe meticulous observation and analysis on injuries,diseases,degenerative bone joint diseases,metabolic diseases,specific infectious diseases,congenital abnormal development,dental diseases,and functional morphological changes reflected in skeletons of the residents during Jin and Yuan period surrounding Jininglu ancient city site is made.And the overall statistics and analysis of osteoarthritis of the spine,osteoarthritis of the main joints of the whole body,dental caries,periodontitis,apicalabscess,and alveolar abscess is made.Comparisons show that the incidence of dental caries in residents of Jin and Yuan period of Jininglu is at a low level.During the Jin and Yuan period,the incidence of spinal arthritis was higher in men than in women,while the incidence of osteoarthritis in sacroiliac joints was much higher in women than in men.Chapter? Non-metrical Morphology Researchobserving and analysing on continuous morphological trait of the skulls of Jin and Yuan period indicates that all skulls display Mongolian Ethnic nature obviously and should be belong to Asiatic Mongolias.Comparision and analysis of skull discontinuity morphological characteristics shows that the residents of Jininglu in Jin and Yuan dynasty are close to the North China modern group,Taiyuan modern group,as well as ancient groups including Xitun group in Han period,Mogou group of Qijia culture,Taojiazhai group,Dabaoshan group.Chapter ? Research on the Measuring Morphological Characteristics of the SkullThe number of skull individuals is large in Jininglu ancient city site during Jin and Yuan dynasty.Based on the statistics and analysis of the morphological characteristics of the skull,it is deemed that their cranial and facial morphological features showed differences that could not be ignored.The results of the species purity test indicate that the population of Jininglu in Jin and Yuan period may be composed of multiple types of the same race.These individuals can be divided into four groups as follows specificly.Group I has more similarities with Northeast Asian type and East Asian type;Group II is the closest to the North Asian type;Group III is the closest to the North Asian type,but larger cranial height may suggest that factors of the Northeast Asian or East Asian type are mixed;Group IV is the closest to the East Asian type of craniofacial morphological features.In contrast with the modern groups of Asian Mongolians,the cranial and facial morphology of Group I is the closest to the East Asian type represented by the North China group,the Fushun group,and the South China group,while combined group with group II and group III is the closest to the North Asian type represented by Mogolian group and Buryat group,whereas Group IV has the most similarities with the East Asian typesrepresented by the North China Group,Fushun Group,and South China Group in terms of craniofacial morphological characteristics.Chapter ? Multiple Statistics and Analysis with Relevant Ancient Residents multivariate statistics and analysis with the ancient group shows that the source of residents in Jininglu ancient city was more complex during Jin and Yuan dynasty.The largest number of residents should be Mongolians represented by the merger groups composed of Jininglu group II and group III,and following is the people of Onggud tribe and the population represented by the group?in Jininglu ancient city as far as the number and proportion of several types of skulls preserved are concerned.The composition of Group I of Jininglu ancient cite site may be complex,and one of them is likely to come from Han ethnic descendants in northern China region.Chapter ? ConclusionSummarize the contents of the seven chapters above mentioned.