| Tibetan-Qiang-Yi Corridor(TQYC)is one of the most characteristic areas in Southwest China with north-south orientation,unique biological culture connotation,rich diversity of ecology(ED),and well preserved ethnic culture and original ecology.It is one of the twenty-five biodiversity(BD)hotspots in the world,and plays an important role in regional economic and cultural development.There are over 20 ethnic groups living in this area,such as Tibetan,Qiang,Yi,Naxi,Miao,etc.,developing rich and colorful ethnic medicine(EM)traditional knowledge and culture.In recent years,a great deal of research within this region has been done by scholars of architecture and heritage protection,but the EM culture(EMC)has not been systematically investigated,and puzzledoms blocks in the way of its inheritance and development.What features present in the formation,distribution,inhabitance,development and changes of EM? What contacts different nationalities? How to protect and inherit the EM under the new situation? This thesis tried to answer these questions by anthropological and literature methods.ObjectiveThis research based on the idea of One Center and Three Elements,in the perspective of EMC in TQYC.Focusing on the culture diversity(CD),we put the emphases on exploring the manifestation and changes of EM system by studying the ancient literature,medical theory,folk prescription and common medicinal materials.And then summarize the characteristics of TQYC EM in order to clarify the development dynamics that how the diversity of EMC is influenced by ED,BD and CD.Combining of the study on the inheritance with development dilemma of EM,this paper investigates the strategy and technical method of protecting and inheriting TQYC EM,revealing the laws and characteristics of EM inheritance and development Research hypothesisBased on the diversity of ecology,culture and biology in TQYC,and the present situation that the EMC has not been fully excavated and studied,this paper proposed working hypothesis that “Centering on medical anthropology,conducting scientific research of ED,CD and BD(One center,three elements),in order to explain the interior rules and characteristics of the protection and inheritance of TQYC EM.” MethodsThis article combined the method of natural science and social science,adopted integrated qualitative and quantitative methodologies,used theories and methods of medical anthropology,ethnobotany,bibliometrics,ethnoecology,sociology and other science and technique.Basic data was collected through questionnaire survey,participant observation,literature review,data statistics and cluster analysis.Multidimensional and visual analysis was Computer aided by Excel,NoteExpress,CiteSpace,TCMISS V2.5,ArcGIS and other computer software.Results(1)The health-care system of TQYC has experienced the process from single to multiple mode.The current health-care system includes three parts: modern medicine,traditional medicine and folk medicine.The western missionary work,Chinese Herbal Medicine movement and rural health-care policy helped establish absolute superiority status of modern medicine.EM revives as the identity of alternative medicine under the support of national policy.(2)There are abundant storage of EM ancient literature in TQYC area with various forms and species,complicated content.Organization of the documents reveals that medicine literature is distributed strored except Tibetan ones;all of the literature is mainly dominated by ancient writing,illustrated;the path of preservation was closely related to religion,and combined with traditional papermaking technology.But current data mining and literature arrangement is incomplete.(3)The theories of each EM in TQYC area presents a common character of "harmony between the nature and human,and dichotomy with various points".The theoretical systems perfection of each EM is in different degrees.Besides Tibetan medicine,the theories of other EM have been shaped in modern academic research and presented the trend of learning from each other.(4)There are nearly 5000 kinds of commonly used medicine in ethnic minorities in TQYC,among them,herbal medicine account for the majority with a total quantity of 4370 in 12 minorities,while animal medicine makes up a tiny proportion that only used by a few minorities with a total of 423 species,and mineral medicine merely used by Tibetan,Qiang and Yi with a number of 142.Each nationality has its own unique drugs,among them,Tibetan nationality account for the majority,and the sum of the other nationalities’ own unique drugs is 1174.The distribution of the herbs,proportion of cross-use drugs and the usage in different nationalities are consistent with minority-inhabited ecological environment,with corresponding ethnic origin and communication history.(5)Analysis of the 1261 folk recipes in TQYC revealed that the semblance of medicines compatibility of the folk recipes are not so clear,and the medication regularity are not pronounced.Highest frequently used drugs are alcohols,brown sugar and others that commonly used in everyday life,the frequency of alcohol is 138,followed by herbal medicine Paris polyphylla mainly distributed in the region,with a frequency of 54,which reflects the characteristic of the close combination of national medicine,national culture and ecological environment.The currently used recipes are mostly about rheumatoid bone diseases,gynaecopathia and other local common diseases,which shows that EM has been developing and adjusting with the change of the medical and health care environment and thus enlightens the direction of future research.(6)Traditional temple education provides a solid foundation for the inheritance of Tibetan Medicine,and the practice Buddhism is the core idea,which makes it essentially different from modern education.The inheritance and development of Qiang nationality medicine and Yi nationality medicine are faced with the conflict between authentication system and the current medical practice.Other nationality medicines are confronted with a awkward situation that there’s no inheritance.The key problem of protection and inheritance of EM in TQYC area is that people rely excessively on the certification system remains to be improved.Under the general trend of the mainstream medical system,the traditional inheritance system was abandoned by modern ones too.(7)The general characteristics of TQYC EM is "variety and unity" decided by the unique ecological environment.According to the present situation of the theory,practice,culture and modern research,TQYC EM can be divided into five categories,and the inheritance and protection mode of Tibetan medicine can be used for reference by the others.ConclusionThe inheritance and development of TQYC EM need to focus on medical anthropology and study the relationship between EM and ED,CD BD.We can carry out comprehensive,systematic and dynamic research of “One center,three elements”,which is mainly firstly launching field investigation,traditional knowledge and ethnobotany research,exploring and grasping the philosophical connotation of EM theory and the whole characteristics of clinical practice.Secondly,strengthening the sustainable protection of ecological environment and EM resources,salvage excavating and studying the EM ancient books,and inheriting distinctive clinical practice techniques,through these to guarantee the sustainable coordinated development of TQYC EM.Innovation points(1)This paper puts forward an innovative research model of "one center,three elements",focusing on medical anthropology first,starting with three elements of ED,CD and BD,making systematic comparative study about basic theory,commonly used drugs,special therapy,prescription compatibility law of TQYC EM,and concludes that the general characteristics "variety and unity " in TQYC area.(2)This paper systematically clarify that ED is the key factor influencing the formation and development of the diversity of EM firstly.It took ED as the main starting point,elaborates the formation,status and influence factors of EM diversity in the region,comparing the similarities and differences between the EM theories and the commonly used medicinal herbs,proving that the establishment of the diversity of ecological environment is the decisive factor to the characteristics of EM from different perspectives.(3)This paper provided a new model for the research of EM by applying the method of computer database,geographic information system,data mining and visualization as auxiliary research technologies,combined computer information with medical humanities study. |
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