Research On Adjectives Of Translated Buddhist Scriptures In The Eastern Han Dynasty

This paper carried on the research of reliable translated Buddhist scriptures in the Eastern Han Destiny.In chapter one,a general survey of related research and the method employed in this paper were presented.Then in chapters two and three,on the foundation of cutting words,adjectives in Eastern Han Destiny had been summarized thoroughly and described as both monosyllabic and disyllabic adjectives.Overall,there are 592 adjectives together in Eastern Han Destiny,among them there are 176 monosyllabic adjectives,that is a proportion of 29.73%.Most of them belong to the succeeding ancient words whose meaning remain unchanged.Meanwhile,there are 140 monosyllabic adjectives appeared in the word formation of dissyllabic adjectives,that is a proportion of 79.55%among all the monosyllabic adjectives.The ability and reason of word formation are quite different from normal middle-earth literatures.Especially for those adjectives with Buddhist extended meaning,the ability of word formation of their extended meaning is much greater than their basic meaning or common meaning.In chapters four and five,the characteristics of adjectives in the Eastern Han Destiny mainly from the aspects of morphemization and semantic field were thoroughly discussed.Firstly,this paper investigated the using frequency of adjectives and obtained the following conclusions:at first,translators chose some words to translate some basic religious doctrines and derived a lot of different word formations;then those word formations were widely used in translated Buddhist scriptures in the Eastern Han and later dynasties;finally,those relational word formations spread from translated Buddhist scriptures to middle ancient literatures.Thus in chapter four,we mainly investigated monosyllabic adjectives like"zheng(正)”and "ming(明)".Those words were mainly used as mono-words in ancient times.And they were used more frequently in the Eastern Han Dynasty translated Buddhist scriptures than in middle-earth literatures at the same age.Also their word-formation forms were also much more than in middle-earth literatures.Through both synchronic and diachronic research,we derived following conclusions:the morphemization process of those monosyllabic adjectives like"zheng(正),and "ming(明),had been greatly speed up by the influence of the Eastern Han Dynasty translated Buddhist scriptures.In chapter five,the adjectives from the aspect of semantic field was investigated thoroughly.Firstly,semantic field of adjectives in the Eastern Han Dynasty translated Buddhist scriptures was described roundly.Then the most special semantic field "evaluation on people’s conduct,which means the words used for subjectively evaluation on people’s looking,conduct,self-development,good and evil,noema and so on,was chosen to carry on further more detailed investigation.The characteristic of this semantic field is as following:most of the words in this semantic field could only be used to modify special objectives if they are distinguished by the semantic character of "modifying objectives and practicing Buddhist doctrine",so are the later ages translated Buddhist scriptures.While this characteristic is most prominent for the noema semantic field which is mainly consisted by intelligent and foolish.Thus we chose this semantic field to carefully describe and analyze.And we research them from both the aspects of middle-earth literatures and later ages translated Buddhist scriptures.The language using of the adjectives in the Eastern Han Dynasty translated Buddhist scriptures described in chapters four and five was quite different from middle-earth literatures.Then in chapter six,they were classified as three categories:stringency of modifying objectives,broadness of combining and continue-using in later ages.Other materials like original Sanskrit Canons,middle-earth literatures of same and later ages,differently translated Buddhist scriptures in the same age as well as translated Buddhist scriptures in later ages had also been employed to analyze.The formation reason and their influence of those characteristics had been explored and discussed.Then theories like "adhesion" were put forward to try to found solutions.Innovation points of this paper includes:Firstly,adjectives in the Eastern Han Dynasty had been generally summarized thoroughly for the first time,which is helpful to improve the depicting the history of Chinese vocabulary.Secondly,aiming at the special literary style--translated Buddhist scriptures,this paper analyzed from the morphemization of monosyllabic adjectives.The influence of translation on vocabularies of language had been revealed,This kind of research is novel as well as convincing.Finally,the characteristic of limitation of the adjectives in translated Buddhist scriptures on their modifying objects is proposed for the first time.And the reasons had been analyzed from different aspects.Then the nomenclature "adhesion degree" was proposed,and its mechanism of action had been deeply researched.