The Establishiment Of The National Parks In China Based On Landscape Charactistic

Since the first national park-Yellowstone National Park was established in 1872,the national park movement has spread from America to 225 different countries(regions)with nearly 10,000 national parks.Throughout the development of national parks in different countries,national parks are not only helpful to cope with the global ecological crisis,define national protection boundaries and turn currently scattered-point protection to develop towards network protection,but also help to improve the national ideology of the public.Despite Zhi Chen,a master of landscape architectures in China,intended to promote Chinese national park undertaking as early as 1930,there has been no truly recognized national park in China as of today.Since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party,China has made several moves to promote the construction of national parks,which has brought opportunities for China to construct national parks.In this context,it’s imperative to construct national parks.Despite the launch of pilot work of constructing Chinese national parks,the current research on national parks is still based on exploring the concept of Chinese national parks and referring to foreign experience.However,it seldom carries out the macroscopic planning of selecting the sites of Chinese national parks at the national level,which is exactly the real problem that needs to be solved urgently in Chinese national park construction.On this basis,this research started from the landscape characteristic dimension and learned from the development mode of typical national parks in the world.Based on Chinese current national protection zones,the article adopted literature research method,comparison analysis method,statistical analysis method,questionnaire research method,gray system analysis method and the hierarchical hotspot clustering analysis method.With spatial analysis tools,including ArcGIS and CrimeStat,it tried to construct a national park network with Chinese characteristics and provide a scientific basis for selecting the sites of parks.The whole article is divided into nine chapters,whose main contents are described as follows:Chapter Ⅰ is introduction,which mainly expounds on the research background and research significance,reviews the status quo of domestic and foreign research and clarifies the main research thinking,methods and technical routes determined by this research.Chapter Ⅱ mainly arranges the occurrence,development and evolution of the concept of "national park" and adopts the comparison analysis method.It eventually screens eleven typical modes of national parks,including North America,South America,Oceania,Asia,Europe and Africa.Combining with the national conditions of China,it proposes advice to set the concept of Chinese national park.Chapter Ⅲ mainly adopts the literature comparison analysis and screens 12 types of national protection areas with the nature of national parks.Targeting at the problems that occurs in the initial phase,exploration and development phase,fast expansion phase and ecological coordination phase of national-level protection zones,the article proposes advice to construct Chinese national parks and thinks the realization of comprehensive protection is the key that distinguishes Chinese national parks from various types of protection zones.Meanwhile,it also proposes the important role played by landscape characteristic in Chinese national park construction as an interdisciplinary subject.Chapter Ⅳ mainly arranges the overview on the development of American national parks.Referring to the systematic planning thinking of American national park system,it proposes to construct Chinese national park network in the framework of retaining the completeness and representation of landscape characteristics.Chapter Ⅴ mainly compares the typical landscape characteristic elements and planning that are used to describe landscape characteristics.It adopts the gray statistic analysis and selects nine landscape characteristic elements that suit the early phase of Chinese national park construction and serves the Chinese national park construction.With the ArcGIS and other spatial analysis tools,it forms nine divisions of targeting landscape characteristic planning and 205 comprehensive landscape characteristic planning with spatial codes,thereby providing a scientific basis for retaining the completeness and representation of landscape characteristics in Chinese national park construction.Based on the completeness of landscape characteristics,Chapter Ⅵadopts the means of centroid extraction to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of 3,093(as the end of 2014)national protection zones,clarifies the coverage of zones with Level-Ⅰ and Level-Ⅱ landscape characteristic elements and proposes the mode that Chinese national parks should be oriented on upgrading protection zones and spatial integration and aided by constructing new national parks.With spatial analysis tools,including ArcGIS and CrimeStat,the article adopts the hierarchical hotspot clustering analysis according to the NNI analysis.Through spatial clustering and spatial supplement,it has formed the spatial layout of national park pilots and hot spots:heated zones(38)—moderately heated zones(42)—lowly heated zones(39)—new heated zones(16)".Based on the representation of landscape characteristics,Chapter Ⅶselects the comprehensive indicators of the number of national protection zone types and the number of national protection zones,introduces the gray correlation mode and arranges the hotspot and pilot spaces of national parks.It eventually obtains the landscape characteristic representation sequence of hotspot zones:Henan and Jiangsu>Shandong,Shannxi,Beijing,Jiangxi and Hunan>Zhejiang,Shanxi,Hubei,Anhui and Chongqing;The landscape characteristic representation sequence of moderately-heated zones is:Fujian>Jilin,Liaoning,Ningxia,Sichuan,Guizhou,Qinghai and Guangdong>Gansu and Heilongjiang;the landscape characteristic representation sequence of lowly-heated zones is:Yunnan and Xinjiang>Inner Mongolia,Hainan and Guangxi.Chapter Ⅷ takes the selection of national park pilots in Fujian as a case.Different from the relatively ideal hotspot spatial exploration and sequencing at the national level,it adopts experts’ opinions to carry out the top-down feedback and testing at the regional level.By analyzing the spatial distribution characteristics of 119 national protection zones in Fujian Province and considering the actual operating accuracy at the regional level,it shrinks hotspot spaces and takes the national park development in countries as the subject to eventually form ten county-level hotspot spatial units.By utilizing experts’ evaluation marks and the gray correlation analysis,it ranks the regional representation of landscape characteristics in hotspot spaces,which draws the following ranking:H1 hotspot space of Wuyi Mountain>H3 hotspot space of Siming zone>H4 hotspot space of Taining>H2 hotspace of Yong’an>H8 hotspace of Pingnan>H7 hotspot space of Fengze>H6 Hot-spot space of Dehua>H5 Hot-spot space of Yongle>H9 Hot-spot space of Yongding>H10 Hot-spot space of Chengxiang.It is thus recommended to construct national park pilots on Wuyi Mountain in Nanping and the Siming District in Xiamen.Chapter Ⅸ is about research conclusions and outlook.It summarizes main research conclusions and innovations in this research and proposes deficiencies in the research and the outlook on following work.