| Medicinal plant of Amomum villosum Lour. is a perennial evergreen herb. The dry ripe fruits of A. villosum is one of the four famous South China medicines, has the effects of dissipating dampness, promoting appetite, warming the spleen, antidiarrheal, regulating qi, calming fetus and so on. Based on the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2010), the Chinese Traditional Medicine (CTM) of A. villosum includes the fruits from A.villosum Lour., A.villosum Lour.var.xanthioides T.L.Wu et Senjen, and A. longiligulare T.L.Wu. Among the three CTMs of A. villosum, that from A. villosum Lour. is best. The A. villosum Lour. distributes mainly in Guangdong, guangxi, Yunnan and Fujian. The CTM of A. villosum Lour. from Yangchun is the best, which is called genuine medicine.A. villosum Lour. has high medicinal and economic value. But the total yield and unit yield are low in genuine producing area. The dried fruit yield is less than 10 kg per 666.7 m2 The special flower structure of A. villosum Lour. leads to low seed setting rate in nature. To improve the yield, pollination must be conducted by artificial method in genuine producing area. The production is still low even by artificial pollination. Low incomes and hard work hurt the planting positivities of famers. The development of A. villosum industry is limited subsequently. To increase the yield of A. villosum Lour., the problems of less flower, low-efficiency pollination and fruit dropping must be resolved by studying the reproduction characteristics of medicinal plant of A. villosum Lour..The results of this study are as below. 1. The rules of floral bud differentiation and growth were studied.The distribution of flowers was studied. Flowers distributed in 6th to 10th node of rhizome, but distributed mainly in the 7th,8th and 9th node. The 7th node is the most favorable position for flower differentiation.The floral bud numbers, the node numbers and the ratios of bud and node numbers from three A. villosum breeds were studied. There are differences among the three breeds in floral bud numbers, node numbers and the ratios. The node number in one grade of rhizome is the characteristic of breed.The rule of floral growth was studied. The flora bud grew slowly between late march and early April, but it grew rapidly after mid April. 2. The criterion of floweret shape which going to flower was decided.We investigated which kind of flowerets went to be flower. We found that the floweret with L value over 0.5 cm is going to blossom. The floweret with L value less than 0.5 cm needs 2 days to prepare for blossoming. So the L will be a critical value for judgement.3. The flowering course and time of floweret was investigated.The flowering course and time of floweret was investigated. The floweret with 1.5 cm of L began expanding within the forehead parts at 0 O'clock. The color of tips with labellum became yellow from green. The petal, which its position is relative to the labellum, was expanded at 4:00 to 5:00 AM. At this moment, a gap appeared on the top of perianth and then the floweret opened slowed. Up to 7:30 AM, the floweret blossomed fully.4. The flower structure of A. villosum was studied in detail, and a model about gynandrium-like standing was set up.The distances between gynandrium-like and labellum from three breeds of A. villosum were measured. The longitudinal distance from Zhonghua is markedly longer than that from Changguo and Yuanguo. The angels between anther and filament and between stamen and labellum were measured also. The angels between anther and filament from three breeds are totally different. By combining results above, a model about gynandrium-like standing was set up. Basing on the model, gynandrium-like of Changguo is most up straight.5. Some gynandrium-like characteristics such as sizes of anther and stigma from three breeds of A. villosum were studied.The sizes of anther and stigma were measured. The lengths of anthers are totally different among three breeds. The length of anther can be the characteristic of a breed. The anther of Zhonghua is longest. The anther of Changuo is longer than Yuanguo. The widths among three breeds are no difference. The areas of stigma surface are difference among three breeds. Which from Changguo is larger than that from Yuanguo, but is no difference with Zhonghua. The area of stigma surface from Yuanguo is less than Changguo, but is no difference with Zhonghua.6. The distance between the tops of stigma and anthers (DSA) in three breeds of A. villosum were studied.The result showed that the positions of stigmas are all higher than the tops of anthers in three breeds. The DSA from Yuanguo is longest. The DSA from Changguo and Zhonghua are no difference.7. The stigma receptivity of A. villosum was studied.The stigma receptivity of A. villosum was investigated. Result showed the stigma is able to be pollinated one day before flowering. And the activity relates to the day after flowering. But the cross-fertilize success rate is only 33%. There are no stigma receptivity 2 days after flowering.The stigma activities are difference by methods in vivo and in vitro. Comparing the two methods, the method in vitro is not accurate enough.8. The pollen viability of A. villosum was studied. The pollens from anthers at 1 day before blossoming have vitalities, and last three days. The pollen viability is 78% or so. The pollen viability by TTC method maintains high level (94%). But anther result showed that the pollen vitality is variability within one day. To compare the results of temperature and humidity, it looks there is relationship among them. High temperature and low humidity inhibits the activity of pollen.9. The type of breeding system of A. villosum was determined. It is a breeding system of facultative autogamy.Basing on the result of P/O value and confirmed by artificial pollination, the breeding system of A. villosum belongs to facultative autogamy.10. The flower-visiting behaviors of bee and Nomia Latreille were observed. The bee is harmful for pollination of A. villosum, but the Nomia Latreille is beneficial.11. The hybridization method was improved.Basing on our finding, we improved the method of hybridization. The improved point is to use the stigma from 1 day before blossoming as hybridization material. And we suggest that to uncover the perianth conveniently, it is better to cut the tip of perianth with color. By the improved method, the risk of self-pollination will be avoided.
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