| This thesis includes two aspects. The first one investigated the growth of calcium oxalate (CaOxa) crystals in ordered liposome systems, the second one investigated the differentiations of urinary particles in morphology, size, distribution and aggregation between healthy persons and stone patients.1. Effect of the molar ratio of calcium to oxalate (Ca2+/Oxa2-), the original concentration of CaOxa [c(CaOxa)], the concentrations of lecithin (PC) on crystal growth of CaOxa in liposomes were investigated by using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, transmission electron microscope (TEM), microscope laser light scattering spectroscope and so on. The diameter of CaOxa crystals obtained in liposomes (80~150 nm) is smaller than that in bulk solutions (about 1500 nm). When the molar ratio of Ca2+/Oxa2- is nearly 1.0, the percentage of calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) in CaOxa crystals reaches the maximum. As c(CaOxa) increases, the percentage of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) decreases but that of COD increases. The content of COD reaches a constant percentage when c(CaOxa)>0.10 mol/L. Calcium oxalate trihydrate (COT) is obtained only at a very low CaOxa concentration of less than 0.01 mol/L. When the concentration of PC is above critical vesicle concentration (CVC), liposomes are formed and CaOxa crystals are grown with the (020) crystal plane oriented preferentially.2. Effect of tartrates with various counterions such as hydrogen, sodium, potassium, and a mixture of sodium and potassium cations on the crystallization of CaOxa in liposomes were investigated. For K2tart and NaKtart, only COM and COT are obtained. However, for H2tart and Na2tart, COD is first induced in the debt of COM, then COT is induced in the debt of COM and COD. The maximum percentages of COD are about 55 and 35% for H2tart and Na2tart, respectively, H2tart has the strongest ability to induce COD formation. Linear relationships are obtained between the decrease of the mole percent (mol%) of COM crystals, or the increase of mol% of COD or COT crystals and the increase of the logarithm of the molar concentration of the tartrates.3. Influence of multifunctional sodium carboxylates on the phase composition of CaOxa crystals grown in liposomes were investigated. At equal concentration of additives, the ability to suppress the nucleation and growth of COM and thereby to favor the nucleation and growth of COD and COT follows the order: Na3cit > Na2edta >> Na2tart>> NaAc.4. The differentiations in morphology, size, distribution and aggregation of ultrafine particles in urines of healthy human and stone patients were comparatively studied by using TEM, electron diffraction and microscope laser light scattering spectroscope. The morphology of ultrafine particles in urines of healthy human are round, their size are similar with the diameter less than 350 nm, so they exist stably. On the contrary, the morphology of particles in patient urines are sharp with the size change broadly from 100 nm to more than 1000 nm. These particles are easily aggregated, which makes the fatalness of stone formation increased. The results in this paper provide a new idea for preventing formation and recurrence of urinary calculi.
|
PDF Full Text Request