Sports Injury Situation And Its Risk Assessment Among Adolescents In Shanghai

Sports injury, the main cause of injury among adolescents has been an important issue in the field of public health which has been impairing adolescents'health and development. Although the "National Sunshine Sports of Students" Plan (2007), as an essential entry point and main factor to make Quality Education started, which help outdoor activities colorful and flourished, the occurrence of injury accident is such high due to physical activities. So preventing the sports injury of adolescents will not only reduce injury occurrence, but also has a close relationship to enhance physical fitness of adolescents'. The literature review, however, revealed that very few research has been done in this field in China, especially in big cities. Meanwhile, under the framework of theoretical models, both the knowledge of adolescents in faith and behaviour of sports injury prevention and prediction of the occurrence of sports injury are rare in China.Objective:To study the status of sports injury among adolescents. To analyse risk factors which may influence the occurrence of sports injury among adolescents with statistic models in Shanghai. To understand the health beliefs, behaviour conditions in sports injury prevention under the framework of theoretical models. To provide a theoretical basis for the further research in both monitoring risk factors and addressing health education of sports injury among adolescents in Shanghai.Methods:Applied stratified cluster sampling method,4350 youngster in total from 4 districts in Shanghai were selected and investigated by questionnaire, which included basic information, situation of sports injury, sports injury prevention beliefs and behaviour based on the Health Belief Model (HBM). Epidata3.1 was used for questionnaire data-entry and SAS9.13 for data analysis. Using descriptive analysis to describe the incidence of sports injuries; t test,chi-square test, spearman rank correlation, logistic regression analysis, decision tree models were used to explore the risk factors related to sports injury.Results:1. In total 368 times of sports injury occurred during the last year. The incidence rate of sports injury was up to 8.49%, and the rate of junior school students and senior school students were 9.37% and 7.53% respectively, indicating that sports injury among adolescents has been a public health problem which should not be ignored. In terms of gender distribution, male had higher incidence rate than female; as for grade distribution, the rate of junior high school students had significantly higher than senior school students, and key school students had higher than non-key middle school students; as for the time distribution, occurrence of sports injury was higher in spring, autumn and more common in the afternoon. Basketball, distance running, sprint were the most common sports of injury; knee, ankle, hand,elbow and wrist of upper extremity were the five common sites of injury; the Mechanisms for injury were mostly falling (the same plane) and striking or hitting by an object or knocking into others; The top three causes of injury were inattention followed by overexertion and insufficient preparation; the symptoms of injury were pain and swelling, bleeding mostly.2. Logistic regression analysis showed that gender, character, behaviour without the guidance of sports teacher, their mothers'education degree, whether key school or not, the safety of school sports facilities, the emphasis of safety requirements of the exercise before sports activities, the way of dealing with discomfort during exercises, those 8 factors were related the occurrence of sports injuries. A negative correlation was found between sex, behaviour without the guidance of sports teacher and the occurrence sports injury; the character, their mother's education degree, whether key school or not, the safety of school sports facilities, the emphasis of safety requirements of the exercise before sports activities, the way of dealing with discomfort during exercises had positively association with the occurrence of sports injury.3. The decision tree model showed that the most important factor of sports injury among adolescents was behaviour without guidance of sports teacher. The probability of occurrence of students whose behaviour scores were less than or equal to 31 is significantly higher than the students whose behaviour scores were more than 31. Different groups in behaviour were selected differently risk factors for sports injuries.4. Health beliefs level of sports injury prevention were not high enough and needed to be improved. Whether key schools or not and gender both impact the level of health belief, and health beliefs influence health behaviour, then the net benefits and the perceived threat of disease, self-efficacy directly affect the possibility of action among individuals.Conclusions:1. Sports injury among adolescents has been a public health problem which should not be ignored. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out the comprehensive intervention. During the intervention, we should consider the first the high risk population (male) and high risk factor (school sports field, in the case of having sports teachers or coaches), high risk time (spring, autumn and afternoon), high risk project (confrontational intensity exercise such as basketball, distance running, sprinting). The education of injury prevention about the preparatory activities should be paid attention to before the exercise starts.2. Occurrence of sports injury is related to the population characteristics, psychological factors, behaviour factors, school and environmental factors and so on. Developing healthy behaviour, paying attention to the students with extroversion personality, excluding dangerous school sports facilities, emphasizing on safety requirements before practice, sharing more time and effort with their children for the mother of high educational level, emphasizing more knowledge and behaviour of sports injury prevention are all the points of the sports injury prevention and control measures.3. Based on the results of this study, it can be considered that the health belief model is useful in the prevention of sports injury, which suggests that in regard of health education of sports injury prevention, interventions based on theory may achieve better effect.4. Health beliefs level of sports injury prevention are not high enough and need to be improved, in which health beliefs influence health behaviour, and the behaviour of prevention directly affects the occurrence of injury. It is recommended that we should discuss the incidence of sports injuries, risk factors, perceived threat of disease, the net benefits of preventive actions and the self-efficacy with adolescents according to their own conditions, so as to increase their perception regarding to susceptibility and severity of injury, benefits of behaviour and reduce the perception of behaviour barriers, then enhance the level of health beliefs and promote the improvement of their behaviour. At the same time, according to youth's physical and specific environmental conditions, we should make full use of four factors of self-efficacy formation and change, and then the successful experience of their own should be encouraged while the successful experiences of others should be learned from. Applying successful stories to convince them adopt healthy behaviour, thus the level of their confidence in injury protection will be enhanced and healthy behaviour will be developed and improved.