Youth Self-esteem, Fellow Ruminants, The Relationship Between Self-handicapping

Studies revealed that the impact of social support have both advantages and disadvantages. Too much ruminant type of social support will cause depression, anxiety and some other symptoms. Companionship is one of the most important subjective social support sources of adolescents. Co-rumination refers to extensively discussing and revisiting problems, speculating about problems, and focusing on negative feelings with peers. It is socially in nature (as distinct from the ruminant secretly thinking alone), while focusing on the negative aspects may lead to maladaptive (as opposed to self-disclosure). Because the social skills of Co-ruminants are recognited by peers, there is a corresponding increase in the level of their self-esteem. To protect self-esteem and maintain self-worth, whether the individual will use more self-handicapping Strategies while facing tasks related to valuation worth exploring. The study provides theoretical and practical support for education of mental health to adolescents.Research is divided into two parts:First, revise Co-rumination Questionnaire of Amanda J. Rose, then explore the psychometric characteristics of CRQ in Chinese version. Then explore relationships of the self-esteem, self-handicapping, co-rumination and its criterion variables. The study carried out mainly in the form of questionnaires. Participants came from Hunan Province; a total of 1,400 middle and high schools students, including 1,166 valid subjects,668 subjects choose each other as best friends. The findings and conclusions were as follows:(1 Reliability and validity of Revised Co-rumination Questionnaire of Chinese Version are good. CRQ is divided into nine dimensions:①frequency of discussing problems,②discussing problems instead of engaging in other activities,③encouragement by the focal child of the friend's discussing problems,④encouragement by the friend of the focal child's discussing problems,⑤discussing the same problem repeatedly,⑥speculation about causes of problems,⑦speculation about consequences of problems,⑧speculation about parts of the problem that are not understood,⑨focusing on negative feelings. CRQ were significantly correlated with the criterion variables, such as friendship quality, self-disclosure, rumination, depression, anxiety, while it was not significantly associated with symptoms of depression. The criterion validity is good.(3)Gender differences of CRQ score were not significant. Female's scores of Encouragement by the focal child of the friend's discussing problems and discussing problems instead of engaging in other activities of CRQ were significantly higher than boys, while also in friendship quality, conflict and betrayal, intimacy and conversation bare dimensions, rumination, internalizing symptoms (depression and anxiety).(4)Grade difference of all dimensions of co-rumination were significant, post hoc comparison showed that the order of the level of co-rumination was 7th and 8th> 10th> 11th grade. Main effect of grade was significantly in total Co-rumination. Differences of gender and only child or not were not significant.(5)The main effect of gender and grade were significant in Self-esteem and Self-handicapping. Girls got lower self-esteem than boys. Interaction between grade and gender of self-esteem was significant. Students of high school applied self-handicapping Strategies significantly more than middle school. While internal differences within high school or middle school were not significant. Main effect of gender was significant; girls use more self-handicapping Strategies than boys.(6)Self-esteem and rumination was negatively correlated.Self-handicapping was significantly positively related to rumination, and not significantly correlated with co-rumination. Internalizing symptoms and self-esteem were negatively correlated significantly. Co-rumination was significantly correlated with friendship quality, self-disclosure and dimensions of rumination, and internalizing symptoms of anxiety.(7)Hierarchical regression showed that, in the first layer, grade and gender positively predicted self-handicapping. In the second layer, self-esteem and grades were admitted into the regression equation. In the third layer, speculated results of CRQ factor and grade (positive prediction) and self-esteem (negative prediction) explained a total of 15.4% of self-handicapping. In the fourth layer, the following factors explained a total of 35.3% of self-handicapping, including:Symptoms rumination, CDI, anxiety, self-disclosure, speculated results of CRQ factor (positive prediction), reflection of RRS, friendship quality (negative prediction).