| Water is one of the most important and most essential nutrients for human body. With therapidly economic development and the change of public consumption concept as well asincreasingly severe water pollution, People pay high attention to drinking water quality andrequirement is been increasing. At present, new drinking water, like natural water, mineralwater and pure water, are taking the place of tap water gradually, and being the main source ofdrinking water. The noxious pollutant is under control after deep processing by reverseosmosis, nanofiltration, adsorption, exchange, oxidation etc. However, the natural mineral inwater, what is very important for human body healthy, are on decline in different degree.There is no conclusion whether drinking different water is good at health or not for thedifference of gender, water quality, diet, experimental methods in the research of the relationbetween water quality and health.Our team had been researching the influence of drinking soft water to health for morethan ten years. Prophase research shows the average weight of SD rats drinking pure water islast significant higher than rats drinking cold tap water.After the rats drinking pure water for along times, we test the sixteen macroelements and microelements in serum. The Mg in femalerats serum is decline obviously, and the other elements are stable; In urine, the Mg of bothmale and female rats is on the decline, the K、Na density are increase, Fe、Zn、Cu decreasedmarkedly, Cr rose dramatically. The growth and development index of SD rats bones: femurlength、bone biomechanical standard and bone density, pure water is not different from tapwater obviously. At present, the biological effects of drinking water mainly focus on researchabout people and single generation animal. There is no research and report about biologicaleffects of multigeneration drinking different water continuously yet. Due to this, we chosethree soft water in different degree （nature water、 pure water、mineralized water） to docomparison research with tap water, build multigeneration SD rats model with continuousdrinking the four different water, study and discuss the influence of to health from growth and development、liver and kidney function、Body soda acid state、bone density、bonebiomechanical performance、bone mineral content and bone metabolism, to establishfoundation for further research.Methods:1．The model of multigeneration continuous drinking the four water in animal feedsF0:Weaning SD rat （120female,60male） were assigned into4group by therandomization method, group T fed with tap water、group N fed with natural water、group Mfed with mineralized water、group P fed with purified water.（30female,15male per group）At4month of age, two females were paired with one male. The male rat were deadimmediately. Keep the pregnant rat （≥20） until F1pup to be born.F1: Weaning F1rat （30female,15male per group） were allowed to pass on twoconsecutive generations. At4month of age, two females were paired with one male. The malerat were dead immediately. Keep the pregnant rat （≥20） until F2pup to be born.F2: Weaning F1rat （30female,15male per group） were allowed to pass on twoconsecutive generations.The other conditions are indentical besides drinking water, changedrinking water and add feed at eight every morning.The tap water is provided by ChongQing city water supply system, water quality fitnational sanitary standard for drinking water （GB5749-2006）. Disembogue left water in waterpipe about two minutes every morning, then change fresh water. Purified water、 mineralizedwater and nature water are from bottled water in market.2．Materials and indexIn feeding period,①Observe the appearance and behavior of each set SD rats everyday, include the drinking and eating situation、mental and action status、hair moist degree andexcreta etc.②Weighing monthly.③Check24h water intake and24h food intake monthly.Feed the rats and kill them ten months later. Gather abdominal aorta blood, some ofblood used for test Body soda acid state index. Isolate serum of left blood to test liver andkidney function indicatorand bone metabolism index.Heart、liver、aortic arch of male rat werepromptly removed and weighed. Meanwhile, collect right femur、tibia、incisor of female SDrat. Cut off muscles, to avoid bone surface damage, section attached soft tissue carefully.Wrap with carbasus soaked physiological saline first, then pack by tin foil paper. Keep in coolfreezer-20℃. Take the sample24hours before experiment, unfreeze under room temperature. Test bone density、bone biomechanical of femur, test K、Mg、P content of tibia and incisor.3．Statistical anlysisThe data is handled by SPSS13.0statistics software, experience data is expressed byform of average standard deviation (（?0±s）, adopt one-way ANOVA to anlysis the significancecomparison of mean difference.Results and Discussion1．Growth and development1.1common growth and developmentIn observation period,there is no remarked difference on the common growth anddevelopment situation、 water intake、food intake、weight increase of four sets rats.1.2male rats’ organ ratioDrink the four water make no statistical meaning to organ ratio of male SD rats’ heart、liver、aortic arch. Prompt: Drink the four water for long term make no change to male SDrats’ heart、liver、aortic arch.2．Liver and kidney function2.1liver protein synthesis capacity and nutrition statusDrink the four water make no statistical meaning to male and female SD rats’ TP、ALB、GLB、A/G. Compare to tap water set, the male SD rats’ PA of nature water set andmineral water set is decreased. The female SD rats’ PA of pure water set is increased. Prompt:The male SD rats’ nutrition of tap water set is better than nature water set and mineral waterset. The female SD rats’ nutrition of tap water is lower than pure water set.2.2kidney functionDrink the four water make no statistical meaning to male SD rats’UA、female SD rats’UREA.The UREA of male SD rats’, T set is, the difference has statistical meaning（P<0.05）; theCREA of T set is lower than N set（P=0.050）, P set is lower than N set（P=0.000）and Mset（P=0.004）; the U/C of T set is higher than N set （P=0.001）and M set（P=0.002）,and P set ishigher than N set （P=0.000）and M set（P=0.000）.The SCR of female SD rats’, T set is lowerthan N set （P=0.033）and M set（P=0.000）,P set is lower than M set（P=0.015）; the U/C of T setis higher than N set（P=0.002）、M set（P=0.003） and P set（P=0.044）.3．Body soda acid state Drink the four water mutilgenerationly and continuously make no statistical meaning tobody soda acid state index of rats. Prompt: In present observation period, the influence ofdrinking the four water made to body soda acid does not reach abnormal clinical state.4．Mineral content in boneThe Ca content in tibia of nature water set is lower than tap water set（P=0.001）、mineralwater set（P=0.005）,the Ca content in teeth of nature water set is lower than tap waterset（P=0.044）、mineral water set（P=0.032）. The Ca content in tibia of pure water set is lowerthan tap water set、nature water set、mineral water set（P=0.000）. Both the Mg content intibia（P=0.048） and teeth （P=0.001）of nature water set and pure water set（P=0.003）is lowerthan tap water set. The P content in tibia and teeth of each set’ difference has no statisticalmeaning. Prompt: The Ca and Mg content in water makes obvious influence to themineralization of boon and teeth, drinking pure water with little mineral can make the Ca andMg sedimentation in boon and teeth decrease. The ratio of Ca and Mg will affect thesedimentation of Ca、Mg in boon. The specific reason and pathogenesis is needed furtherresearch.5．Bone mineral densityThe influence of drinking the four water mutilgeneration and continuously made tofemale SD rats’BMD、BMC、area has no statistical meaning.6．Bone biomechanicsCompare to tap water set, the femur max radial degrees of nature water set（P=0.000）、mineral water（P=0.000）、pure water set（P=0.000） decreased dramatically; the elastic radialdegrees of nature water set（P=0.001）、mineral water set（P=0.022）decreased; the femurmaximum strain of tap water of both nature water set（P=0.001）and mineral waterset（P=0.002）is decreased.The young modulus of nature water set increasedobviously（P=0.010）. Prompt: The bone biomechanical standard of tap water set is better thanthe other three sets; the bone material elasticity of nature water.7．Bone metabolismThe BGP content in serum of T set is lower than N set（P=0.005）、M set（P=0.002）、Pset（P=0.025）. The PICP content of T set is higher than P set（P=0.000）and N set（P=0.000）、Mset is higher than N set （P=0.000）and P set（P=0.000）. The ICTP content of N set is lower thanT set（P=0.023）and P se（P=0.000）. The BALP content difference of each set has no statistical meaning. Prompt: After drunk tap water, the SD rats’ osteogenesis cell activity、composecollagen speed、normal boon mineralization speed is faster than nature water set and purewater set. The inhibition function to bone cell activity, the nature water set is stronger than tapwater set and pure water set. The osteoblast activity of pure water set is lower than naturewater set, osteoclast activity is higher than nature water set and tap water set. The probabilityof the bone metabolism dynamic balance be broken is higher than tap water set and naturewater set.8．Water quality characteristics and the indicators changeThe total hardness（CaCO3）of tap water、nature water、pure water、mineral water are200.3、69.6、0.8、2.3mg/L respectively; TDS are229、87.2、1.2、10.9mg/L respectively. CODof four water is less than or equal to1.0mg/L, it shows four water do not have materialdifference in organic matter level （COD more or less the same）. Therefore the change ofbio-effect observed in this essay is owe to the difference of water mineral element.The experiment shows that the Ca、Mg content and the concentration ratio is different inthose four set of water. The Ca、Mg ratio of tap water is4.18:1; of nature water is1.13:1; ofmineral water is0.05:1; of pure water is2:1. The Zn content of tap water is higher than theother three sets water. Thus it can infer that the content of Ca、Mg、Zn elements in water andthe Ca、Mg ratio are the main reason which lead to the differences of above index.Conclusion1．Advantages and disadvantages of four water qualityTap water to maintain the female glomerular filtration function, enhance osteoblastactivity and increased deposits of calcium and magnesium of skeletal system, improving theoverall biomechanical properties of bone and the maintenance of male rat liver proteinsynthesis activity and then upgrade nutritional levels than the other three kinds of drinkingwater. But drinking tap water in inhibiting osteoclast activity and maintain elasticity ofskeletal material, slightly less than natural water for drinking.Natural water better than tap water in maintaining elasticity of skeletal materials; ininhibiting osteoclast activity is better than tap water and bottled water. Liver protein synthesis,nutrient levels and Glomerular filtration function in male and female rats are significantlylower than tap water; male rat glomerular filtration function is significantly lower thanpurified water; female bone mineral content and bone biomechanics, Osteoblast activity are significantly lower than tap water; calcium content lower than the mineral water.Water adaptation period, rats drinking mineral water, male rats diet compared withdrinking pure water Group significantly reduced, female rats significantly increased foodconsumption than the other three groups. The mineral water only in the natural water bonecalcium content and osteoblast activeness, the pure water osteoblast active aspect reveals thesuperiority slightly, other each target discovery has not had the obvious superior inferiority.Pure water in the maintenance of rat glomerular filtration function better than mineralwater and natural water, to maintain the female liver protein synthesis and thus improve thenutritional level of the body is better than the other three drinking water. However, in bonegrowth and development indicators were not found to have obvious advantages.2．Biological effectLiver protein synthesis and nutrient levels: tap water group of male rats than naturalwater group and mineral water group, female group of purified water better than the otherthree groups. The glomerular filtration function: tap water group and the purified water groupwas superior to the natural water group and the mineral water group. Bone mineral content:tap water group was superior to the natural water group and the purified water group, themineral water group was superior to the natural water group. The level of bone metabolism:the tap water group and the mineral water group, osteoblast activity is better than the naturalwater group and the purified water group, the natural water group the ability to inhibit theactivity of osteoclasts better than the other three groups. Bone biomechanical properties: thetap water group overall performance is better than the other three groups, but the natural watergroup showed significant advantages in maintaining the elasticity of the bone itself.3. GenderThere are gender differences in liver protein synthesis and nutrient levels: male tap groupand group nutritional status of female pure water at a good level.Innovative discovery1．It was first found in female rats, multiple generations of continuous drinking tap waterin bone biomechanics performance and bone metabolism are more useful than natural water,mineral water, pure water. Prompt more mineral elements in tap water to maintain a high levelof bone metabolism, thereby increasing the deposition of calcium and magnesium in theskeletal system, and thus improve the biomechanical properties. Natural water group there are obvious advantages in maintaining bone material elasticity and inhibit osteoclast activity, thepotassium content of natural water than the tap water group and containing strontium andsilicic acid, the association and its mechanism remains to be further verified.2．There are gender differences in the protein synthesis function of the liver and thebody’s nutritional level in rats. |
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