| In recent years, swimming is more and more popular in public and the number of people involved is increasing every year. At the same time, with the health awareness growing, the concern of the health situation and requirement for the swimming pool is higher and higher.In order to control viruses and microbes in the water of swimming pool, improve water quality, and reduce the incidence of infectious disease, chlorination is widely used disinfector for swimming pool water. However, a wide variety of chlorinated disinfection by-products (DBPs) will be generated during chlorination, the major DBPs included volatile trihalomethanes (THMs) and non-volatile haloacetic acids (HAAs). THMs and HAAs have potential carcinogenic risk, and their carcinogenic effects in animals have been confirmed. When swimming, the human bodies exposure to chlorination by-products directly through skin, gastrointestinal and respiratory tract. Currently, research about water chlorination by-products is mainly focused on drinking water; studies of DBPs in swimming pool water are rare. Therefore, the first part of our study measured the chlorinated disinfection by-products in swimming pool water and its influencing factors.With the acceleration of the city construction in Shanghai, the number of social swimming areas (mainly in the residential area clubs) keeps increasing. Supervision and complaints in previous years show that the health management of these swimming workplaces needs to be improved. Shanghai health supervise agencies pay more attention for quality of swimming pools water, therefore, the overall health status is satisfied based on current data which just referred several standards items Data also shows that the health status of swimming pools in Shanghai is better than other provinces, but some of the swimming pools are not good and the complaints about health problems are not reduced. There are reports of outbreaks of infectious diseases in swimmers due to poor sanitation in some provinces and cities. The second part of this study discussed the water quality in the years of2007,2008,2009in Shanghai in order to find the weaknesses in the management of water quality in the swimming pools and to improve management and enhance water quality.Part I Water quality of swimming pool in Shanghai in2007-2009In order to understand the sanitation status of swimming water in Shanghai, and provide guidance and accordance for supervision, according to GB/T18204-2000Health standard test methods in public places to detect urea, total bacteria, coliform bacteria, and according to GB/T5750-2006drinking water standard test methods to detect turbidity, free residual chlorine, and according to GB9667-1996health standards of swimming workplace to evaluate the test results. Spssl3.0is used for statistical analysis. The results show,414,458and443swimming pools were chose in2007,2008and2009respectively. The overall pass rates of six water quality parameters were83.3%,76.41%and75.85%respectively, which were higher than that reported in other provinces. However, pass rates of those which can not be easily perceived by swimmers such as residual chlorine and urea were still low, which were significantly lower than other indexes which could be easily perceived. The qualified rates of swimming pools of social and physical systems were slightly lower than those in hotels, restaurants and schools.Part Ⅱ Determination of chlorinated disinfection by-products in swimming pool waterIn this study, trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) were detected in five swimming pools in downtown Shanghai, mainly with reference to the U.S. EPA-Method-551.1for THMs (including chloroform, dichloro-bromomethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform methyl chloride) and the U.S. EPA-Method-552.3for HAAs (including trichloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, monochloroacetic acid, an acid bromide, dibromo-acid, a bromine chloroacetic acid). Meanwhile, water temperature, pH, free residual chlorine, turbidity testing are tested according to GB/T18204-2000, Health standard test methods in public places; Chemical oxygen demand were detected refer to GB/T5750-2006, a standard test method for drinking water. And the basic situation of the pool was investigated. The results showed that THM4and HAA6were detectable in five swimming pools. Concentration of THM4in three of the swimming pools was several times higher than homologous municipal tap water. Concentration of HAA6in all five pools was much higher than homologous municipal tap water as maximum as nearly800μg/L.In sum, we revealed that concentration of THM4and HAA6are mainly depend on the concentration of organic pollutants in water which provided reference for further study disinfect by-products, determinants and health hazards. We recommended strengthening water quality supervision, enhance training and education for operators and managers, increase health supervision and community the public market-oriented supervision, and establish a long-term follow-up supervision mechanism to ensure that the majority of swimming pool safety and water quality were quarantined. |
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