| The relationship among LUCC(land-use and land-cover change),ecosystem services and human well-being is the frontier hotspots and difficulties in studing of natural ecological and social economic systems,has become the key research direction and content of the GLP(Global Land Project)and Future Earth program,can provide an important reference for regional sustainable development.In the context of the global village recession,rural tourism,especially heritage tourism rural revitalization of one of the important ways.This paper selected Huangcaoling Village with tourism and reception functions and Sheng Village with reception function as the research objects in the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces,and they had different tourism development models.Based on the land use maps of the two villages in 2005,2009,2013 and 2017,the research is divided into three stages: the pre-application period(2005-2009),the mid-term application period(2009-2013)and the late application period(2013-2017);According to the classification standards and evaluation methods of ecosystem services,we applied the quantitative methods such as substitution cost,market value and shadow engineering to quantify the 11 types of service values and their changes in three types of land use types: cultivated land,forest land,and grassland in the two villages.Then,we made a comparative analysis of the changes of human well-being before and after the application for the World Heritage(2013)in terms of villagers’ economic income,objective and subjective well-being.Furthermore,the paper discussed the relationship between land use change,ecosystem service value,and human well-being in two villages with different tourism development modes.Finally,we proposed countermeasures to improve human well-being.The study is of great significance for the construction of sustainable development plans for heritage-based villages based on ecosystem services and the realization of coordinated development of rural tourism economy and environment.The specific conclusions are as follows:(1)Land-use changes of village.During the study period,the overall trends in change of land-use area of Huangcaoling Village and Sheng Village were similar.Both villages showed a decrease in cultivated land and grassland area,while the area of forest land and construction land increased.Forest land area has increased the most and construction land has the most dynamic degree,with 21.54% and 11.18% respectively.However,the largest area reductions in land-use types in the two villages were grassland and cultivated land respectively.The expansion intensity indexes of construction land of two villages were 0.36 and 0.23,respectively.The buildings in both villages expanded in planar and stereo directions.And significant changes have been showed in the external appearance and internal structure of the “mushroom house” in Huangcaoling Village and the soil palm house in Sheng Village.But after that,the building materials,structure,roof shape,and internal setup of house have shown convergence.The house using functions also mainly transformed from self-use of villagers to accommodation and catering for tourists.(2)Impacts of changes in village ecosystem services and land use.From the changes of the overall value of ecosystem services,total value of ecosystem services increased by 130.973 million yuan of Huangcaoling Village and reduced by 1.694 million yuan of Sheng Village during the study period;From the changes in ecosystem services of land-use types,the values of cultivated land and forest land ecosystem services in both villages have increased,while grasslands have continued to decrease,and forest land has the highest service value;From the value of single ecosystem srevise,the value of climate regulation,soil consolidation,waste degradation,marinating soil fertility,primary product production and biodiversity conservation in two village all showed an incresing tend,and among them,climate regulation has most high value,the recreational value of Huangcaoling Village increased by 12.49200 yuan due to the developing of terrace sightseeing,but Sheng Village did not,which shows that the tourism development model has a greater impact on the increase in the value of ecosystem services in the two villages;From impact of village land use change on the value of ecosystem services,the ecosystem service value produced by forest land was highest in two village,contribution rates were 40.72% and 53.82% respectively,so which were the main contributor;the changes of ecosystem service value prodeced by cultivated land both villages seriously impacts on total ecosystem service value of two villages,the sensitivities were 67.61% and 29.11%,which were the main sensitivity factors.(3)The impacts of changes of land use and ecosystem services on human wellbing.The changes of human well-bing in two village was obvious during researching.In aspect of villagers’ economic income,village’s tourism service income and unit land area villagers’ income in Huangcaoling Village increased by 53.82 times and 368,800 yuan ﹒ hm-2 ﹒ a-1 respectively,and 8.89 times and 60,700 yuan ﹒ hm-2 ﹒ a-1 respectively in Sheng Village;in terms of objective well-being,the annual averages of Huangcaoling Village were 9.04 and 12.09,and Sheng Village was 9.16 and 11.95 before and after the application of the legacy;in terms of subjective well-being,the mean score of Huangcaoling Village were 87.43 and 98.42,and Sheng Village was 85.64 and 97.75 before and after the application of the legacy,and overall the human well-being of villagers in Huangcaoling Village is higher than that in Sheng Village;From the impacts of changes of ecosystem services on well-being of villagers,due to the decrease in grassland area in Huangcaoling Village and Sheng Village,the value of ecosystem services’ biodiversity protection,gas regulation,and clean the situation functions has declined,and the large amount of grassland was converted into forest land,resulting in an increase in the value of fixed soil;Villagers’ income,quality of drinking water,frequency of natural disasters,quality of sleep,and satisfaction with organizational activities in the village are the main reasons for the decline in villagers’ well-being. |
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