| Objective: Exposure to trichloroacetic acid(TCAA)and its parent chemicals has been linked to cardiovascular disease.Some sociological features may impact TCAA exposure,and these factors have obvious regional and social differences.But existing evidence is inconsistent.Therefore,we aim to analyze the associations between TCAA exposure with the sociological factors.Moreover,the association between TCAA and blood pressure(BP)has not been studied to date.Therefore,we examine the potential association between urinary TCAA levels and BP also.These may provide the sociological evidences for the health adverse effects which are caused by TCAA exposure.Methods:1.We recruited 569 study participates who presented themselves to the primary health care center of the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University,from October 2014 to September 2015,the participants ranged from 18 to 55 years old.Participants signed the informed consent and compeleted a questionnaire survey.Meanwhile,a urine sample was demanded.The content of the questionnaire included demographic factors(age,gender,et al.),individual behaviors(smoking,alcohol drinking,et al),dietary habits(consumption of beans,eggs,et al)and health status,et al.After physical examination,we recorded the data of systolic and diastolic BP.2.Urinary TCAA concentration was used as the exposure biomarker of participants.We measured the urinary TCAA concentration by gas chromatographic method.After the correction of urinary creatinine concentration,we obtained the final TCAA levels.3.Generalized linear regression was used to analyze the social factors which can impact the TCAA exposure.After excluding the confounding factors,logistic and linear regressions were used to investigate the relationships between the urinary TCAA levels and BP parameters.To evaluate the robustness of the results,we conducted sensitivity analyses by re-analysing data after excluding urine samples with extreme specific creatinine values.Results:1.The results of 569 urine samples showed that the concentration of TCAA ranged from <LOD to 11.14 ?g/L,the median concentration of TCAA was 4.83?g/L and the arithmetic mean concentration of TCAA and geometric mean concentration of TCAA was 4.82?g/L and 4.70 ?g/L,respectively.After the adjustment for creatinine,the concentrations of TCAA ranged from 0.79?g/g creatinine to 101.58?g/g creatinine,the median concentration of TCAA was 4.29 ?g/g creatinine,and the arithmetic mean concentration and geometric mean concentration of TCAA was 6.41?g/g creatinine and 4.40?g/g creatinine,respectively.2.The associations between urine TCAA and BP parameters indicated that urine TCAA exhibited a significant positive dose-related relationship with systolic BP.Compared to the reference group(the first quartile),systolic BP increased by 2.78mmHg(95% CI: 0.32,5.23)and 4.61 mmHg(95% CI: 2.09,7.14)in the third and fourth quartile exposure group,respectively.TCAA levels were also positively associated with pulse pressure.Compared with the reference group,pulse pressure increased by 3.34 mmHg(95% CI:1.26,5.44)in the fourth quartile.However,the association was not retained in the sensitivity analyses.3.Among the sociological features,demographic characteristics such as gender and marital status were correlated with TCAA exposure.Compared with the subjects of males,the TCAA levels in subjects of female were higher;TCAA levels in married subjects were higher than those in single.Among dietary factors,coffee was correlated with TCAA levels.The TCAA levels in subjects with drinking coffee was higher than those without drinking coffee.Conclusions: Gender,marital status and dietary habits are the effect factors of urinary TCAA levels.Urinary TCAA levels are positively associated with systolic BP,suggesting that TCAA may be a risk factor for hypertension.Our results suggest that we should regulate some relevant interventions to reduce the exposure of TCAA so as to reduce the urinary levels of TCAA and prevent the risk of hypertension. |
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