Shaanxi Primary Education Research (1927-1937)

"The rise and fall of national sports depends on education".Primary education is in the basic position of national education.It shoulders the important task of transporting all kinds of talents for high-level schools and society,improving national literacy and cultivating basic knowledge and skills necessary for life.Its role is self-evident.Shaanxi’s modern primary education began in the late 19th century and early 20th century.After the founding of the Republic of China,Shaanxi’s primary education has further developed.From 1927 to 1937,Chinese society was relatively stable.Through the National Revolution,the Nanjing National Government formally unified China and created a good social environment for the development of all aspects of Chinese society.Yang Hucheng,Shao Lizi and people from all walks of life attached great importance to education and implemented compulsory education in 1935,which promoted the development of primary education in Shaanxi Province.It is the number of teaching staff and education funds that show that primary education in Shaanxi Province has been sustained development at this stage.This paper attempts to make a preliminary study and analysis of Shaanxi primary school education(1927-1937)in the period of Nanjing National Government by reading and analyzing the relevant materials of Shaanxi primary school education collected by Shaanxi Archives,combining with the relevant periodical works in the period of the Republic of China and some discussions of modern scholars.This paper is mainly divided into four parts.The first part is the emergence and development of Shaanxi primary education.It summarizes the three stages of Shaanxi primary education from the late Qing Dynasty,Beiyang Government and Nanjing National Government.The second part mainly analyses the teachers’strength of Shaanxi primary education,and studies the source,improvement,verification and salary life of primary school teachers.Shaanxi Province holds teacher training institutes,simple normal schools and extensively cultivates teachers’strength;holds training institutes and vacation seminars for primary school teachers on many occasions to train teachers and continuously improve their knowledge and skills;establishes a communication research office for primary school education to provide opportunities for teachers’ research and further education,improve primary school teachers,promote compulsory education,train and verify teachers,and eliminate unqualified teachers.Teachers have promoted the standardized management of the teaching staff and the overall improvement of the level and quality of teachers.The third part mainly analyses Shaanxi’s primary education funds,which are composed of three aspects:the independence of education funds,the income and expenditure of provincial education funds and the collection of county education funds.With the independence of provincial education funds,the overall increase of central allocation,provincial education funds and county education funds,together with the development of private education,provides material guarantee for the development of Shaanxi’s primary education.The fourth part mainly analyses the characteristics of primary education in Shaanxi Province,from three aspects:unbalanced regional development,coexistence of private schools and new-style primary schools,close contact era,focusing on education to save the nation and health education,and expounds its reasons,revealing that private schools,as a product of traditional Chinese social structure,did not exist in the social structure during the period of Nanjing National Government,which was intertwined,conflicted and integrated between the old and the new.Private schools can hardly be banned fundamentally until they are completely changed.The coexistence of private schools and new primary schools will continue,which was created by the times at that time.With the deepening of education reform,through the study of Shaanxi primary education during the period of Nanjing National Government,we can find its advantages and disadvantages,on the one hand,we can draw on its valuable experience and make use of it.This paper aims to provide reference and Enlightenment for the development of Shaanxi contemporary primary education by studying the experience and lessons of the development of Shaanxi primary education in modern times.