Public Health Benefits Of Optimizing Urban Industrial Land Layout

The rapid development of industrialization has caused ambient fine particulate matter(PM_2.5)pollution problems in China that have caused a huge health burden on urban residents and have raised specific concerns for policymakers.In the research cohort,studies largely focus on the revision of China’s National Ambient Air Quality Standards,the formulation of overall control strategies for ambient air pollutants,the exploration of pollutant mitigation technologies.While the government is implementing the energy conservation and emission reduction of factories,the rational use of land resources to adjust the industrial spatial structure can also become an important means to effectively control air pollution.However,at present,there is no basic research to systematically assess the health impacts related to industrial sector emissions based on the level of urban industrial space layout,so there is no reference method to combine urban industrial planning with health benefits,which makes it difficult for local governments to assess the relevant cost-effectiveness.This study takes Changsha,a representative industrial city in China as an example to establish a comprehensive assessment framework to quantify the health and economic impacts of PM_2.5 exposure to industrial sources in different geographic locations.The framework aims to optimize the spatial distribution of industrial emissions to achieve the lowest public health cost in Changsha.First,the land units were used to provide areas that can replace industrial lands.Secondly,the atmospheric pollutant diffusion model（CALPUFF）was used to simulate the spatial distribution of PM_2.5 concentration at different industrial sources,and then applied the comprehensive exposure-response health risk assessment model to evaluate the health effects caused by industrial sources in different geographic locations.Finally,use the value of statistical life（VSL）to monetize the health results.（1）Based on the premise of regional balanced development,to optimize the allocation of urban industrial land under the lowest public health burden,we established an optimized model of the industrial land layout.This research chose the main urban area of Changsha as the research domain.Based on the land status of the central urban area,the urban area was divided into 42 land units,17 units were suitable for the placement of industrial areas.（2）The CALPUFF system（version 6.0）was used to simulate the PM_2.5 concentration distribution at 1 km resolution.The PM_2.5 concentration simulated by the CALPUFF model was imported into the comprehensive-risk health assessment model to obtain the health burden caused by PM_2.5 in different industrial locations.（3）Calculated the economic loss by the VSL using the optimal industrial layout composed of the best industrial land units in the four areas.Research results show that the implementation of optimal industrial land layout can produce considerable social and economic benefits.Compared with the current industrial space layout,the avoidable contribution of the Changsha industrial sector to PM_2.5-related mortality and the corresponding economic loss value in 2030 will reach 60.8%and 690 million US dollars,respectively.The population living in areas with poor air quality contributes to a large part of the urban health burden.Results show that about two-thirds of residents live in areas with PM_2.5concentrations higher than the China National ClassⅡstandard（35μg/m³）,the population in these areas contributed to one-fifth of all cause-specific mortality.Population density and emission locations are the major factors that affect the health burden.Areas with high premature mortality often have potential emission sources,such as commercial areas,industrial areas,densely populated residential areas,and relatively dense traffic hubs.Moreover,under the optimized industrial layout,road transportation sources and residential sources will become the main sources of PM_2.5 pollution in urban areas by 2030.The results of this research show that reasonable land resource allocation can not only make the city produce economic benefits but also reap considerable health benefits.These results will also provide policymakers with measurable assessments of health risks related to industrial spatial planning and related sanitation costs to increase the effectiveness of efforts to improve air quality.The comprehensive risk assessment method established in this study can obtain the lowest expected health and economic burden with the optimal geographical allocation of industrial land.This optimization method can provide a strong reference and guidance for industrial land management in Changsha and similar cities in China.