| Gangu County is located in the southeast of Gansu Province,northwest of Tianshui city.According to the Atlas of Chinese Language(2012),its dialect belongs to Q inlong section of Zhongyuan Mandarin.There are different accents in Gangu dialect,this paper selects the old dialect accent(hereinafter referred to as "Gangu dialect")in Daxiangshan town of Gangu County as the main research object,Through field investigation,this paper systematically describes the phonology of Gangu dialect.By comparing with Beijing dialect and middle ancient dialect,this paper reveals the phonetic characteristics of Gangu dialect from synchronic and diachronic perspectives.There are 29 initials,32 finals and 4 tones in Gangu dialect.There are four groups of affricates in the initial consonant,one of them is the lingual lobe : [ ],[ ],[ ],[ ],they are mainly combined with kaikouhu vowel,in addition,they can also be combined with [ ] vowel.The initial consonants of [ ] in Gangu dialect can be combined with qiyahu vowels.These qiyahu vowels are all the first-class words in ancient times.There is no distinction between N i and Lai initials in Gangu dialect,Ni and Lai spelled with Hongyin read is pronounced [ ] in Gangu dialect,words spelled with Xiyin read,when spelling Xiyin,some words have heavy friction due to pronunciation,which reading [ ].In the aspect of finals,the low tongue position of vowel is also a major feature of Gangu dialect;Xian and Shan are combined in today’s Gangu dialect,the main vowels are nasal vowels.Dang and Jiang she are combined in today’s Gangu dialect,which read after the nose tail [ ]rhyme,Shen,Zhen,Zeng,Geng and shushing of Tong are combined in today’s Gangu dialect,and they all read the nasal ending finals [ ].In the aspect of tones of Gangu dialect,Q uanzhuo Ru words belong to Yangping,Q ingru and cizhuo Rusheng belong to Yinping.There are abundant phenomena of continuous pronunciation change in Gangu dialect,including tone sandhi,assimilation,consonant,weakening and so on.In this paper,the study of tone sandhi is limited to two character group and individual Er-end three character group.Disyllabic tone sandhi includes general disyllabic tone sandhi,reduplicated tone sandhi,grammatical function word sandhi and Er-end tone sandhi.Generally,there are 16 tone combinations,16 continuous modes and there are seven continuous tones in the continuous mode,It includes four tone sandhi and three tone sandhi of 31,21 and 22.tone 21 mainly appears in the back of the word,the pronunciation is light and short;31 and 22 appear in the front,tone 22 only appears in the continuous tone combination of "shangsheng +shangsheng",which is the tone sa ndhi of the preceding shangsheng character.The disyllabic patterns of reduplicated two character groups and the two character groups with the following words as grammatical function words are more regular,The disyllabic tone of Er-end two character group is basically the same as that of reduplicated two character group and grammatical function words.Other phenomena include assimilation,syncopation and weakening.This phenomenon is mainly due to the unbalanced development of the ancient pronunciation,The ancient sounds of different time levels are preserved in dialects.At the same time,the pronunciation difference between the old and new school in Gangu dialect is mainly influenced by Putonghua.There is a strict correspondence between the tones of Gangu dialect and Beijing dialect.From the perspective of Gangu dialect,there are six initials and seven finals in one-to-one relationship;there are 11 initials and 9 finals in one to two relationship;there are 10 initials and 6 finals in one to three relationship;there are two initials and seven finals in one to four relationship;there are also three corresponding relations of vowels: one to five,one to six and one to seven.Except for the one-to-one relationship,other corresponding relationships are conditional.Through these corresponding relations,we can sum up the corresponding rules of Gangu dialect and Beijing pronunciation.Modern Chinese dialects are evolved from ancient Chinese.By comparing the phonetics of Gangu dialect with those of midd le ancient times,we can see the source,evolution rules and phonological characteristics of the tones of Gangu dialect,it is similar to the evolution of Beijing sound,but it has its own unique features.In terms of initial consonants,the ancient voiced initials are all surd,and it basically conforms to the rule of flat tone aspirated and oblique tone not aspirated after the voiced initials are surd,but there are still some oblique words aspirated.Gangu dialect is not divided into Jian or Tuan groups.In ancient times,the characters of Jingzu,hongyin read [ ]group and xiyin read [ ]group.Hongyin of Jian,Xiao read [ ]group and xiyin read [ ]group.Among the initial consonants of Duan group,ancient Xie she,Xiao she,Xian she,Shan she,Geng she and Kai Kou are the [ ] initial consonants,in addition,today’s initial consonants of [ ]and [ ].Ancient Jian is the initial consonant of some second-class characters in the[ ] group.In ancient Ri Mu and modern Beijing dialect,the characters with zero initials(limited to [ ]rhyme)and some [ ] initials,in today’s Gangu dialect,Bai Du [ ] initials;Some of the ancient yingmu’s first and second-class characters were merged with Yimu(today’s Hongyin),In Gangu dialect,the initial of [ ] is pronounced today.Finals,there is a preposition in the first class of Guo she;Most of the characters of ancient Xie and Zhishe are combined in Gangu dialect.Ancient xianshe and Shanshe Shusheng rhymes merge in today’s Gangu dialect,ancient Dang and Jiang sheshu are merged,Shen,Zhen,Zeng,Geng and Tongsheshusheng are combined in today’s Gangu dialect,and they all read the nasal ending finals.In terms of tone,Ping is divided into Yin and Yang,Zhuoshang belong to Q usheng,Rusheng falls into two tones.Q ingru and cizhuo Rusheng belong to Yinping,Quanzhuo Rusheng words belong to Yangping.The above is the general evolution law of Gangu dialect,and there are some exceptions that do not conform to the evolution law,Based on the relevant theoretical knowledge of linguistics,the author makes a preliminary analysis and Discussion on the causes of the exceptional phenomenon. |
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