Multiscale Characteristics And Optimal Regulation Of The Bundles Of Ecosystem Service Budgets In The Su-Xi-Chang Region

Ecosystem services refer to the various benefits humans derive from ecosystems.Managing ecosystem services to meet growing human needs is a critical and challenging task to achieve sustainable development in rapidly urbanizing regions.The Su-Xi-Chang region is typically representative of an area undergoing rapid urbanization in China.In recent years,local ecosystem services have been seriously lost,and the contradiction between people and land has become more prominent.Identifying ecosystem service supply-demand correlation from multiscale levels can provide a scientific basis for alleviating the imbalance between supply and demand of ecosystem services and optimizing regulation in the Su-Xi-Chang region.The results and methods can also provide reference for similar studies in China and other rapidly urbanizing regions in the world.Based on data collection and processing,this study quantified the supply,demand and budgets of six typical ecosystem services(crop production,water retention,PM2.5 reduction,heat mitigation,flood mitigation and landscape recreation)at the county,township and village scales in the Su-Xi-Chang region in 2020.Second,the study identified the spatial pattern characteristics of ecosystem service budget bundles at three scales by using K-means cluster analysis,and the influence of natural environmental and socioeconomic factors on ecosystem service budget bundles was investigated based on the Geodetector model.Finally,based on the above research,the study proposed a multiscale decision-making framework for ecosystem services in theory,and put forward suggestions for the optimal regulation of ecosystem services at the county,township and village scales in practice.The main findings are as follows:(1)The results showed that the supply,demand,and budgets of ecosystem services are scale-dependent.On the one hand,the large scale masks the spatial heterogeneity and clustering characteristics of the distribution of ecosystem services supply and demand at the small scale.On the other hand,the large scale highlights high-value areas of supply and demand.Due to the inconsistency in the quantity and location of the supply and demand of various ecosystem services,ecosystem services at the three scales all showed a mismatch between supply and demand.The location and area of surplus,balance,and deficit of ecosystem services vary with scale.(2)The formation and distribution of ecosystem service budget bundles exhibited scale dependence.Ecosystem service budget bundles at the township and village scales had similar spatial patterns,but were significantly different from those at the county scale.The results of factor detector showed that population density and the proportion of impervious surfaces were the main factors influencing the formation of ecosystem service budget bundles at the county,township and village scales in the Su-Xi-Chang region.In addition,the study found that the drivers of ecosystem service budget bundles were also scale-dependent.The larger the scale,the stronger the explanation of the drivers.The larger the scale,the more single the drivers.,and the smaller the scale,the more diverse the drivers.(3)Finally,based on the above research,this study put forward systematic suggestions from the aspects of theoretical contribution and practical contribution.In theory,the study proposed a multiscale decision-making framework,answering the questions of "Who will manage?","Where to manage?","What to manage?" and "How to manage?".In practice,the study provided suggestions for the optimal regulation of ecosystem services at the county,township and village scales.In addition,the study believes that focusing on the overall situation on a large scale and implementing precise management on a small scale can make management decisions more effective.