Study On Urinary Antibiotic Exposure And Health Risk Assessment In The Population Of Zhoushan City

Objective:Describe the distribution characteristics of 25 antibiotics in the urine of children,adolescents,adults,and elderly people in Zhoushan City;Assess the health risks of low dose continuous mixed exposure antibiotics to the population.Methods:The study population recruited volunteers from the community of Dinghai District,Zhoushan City,Zhejiang Province from September 2022 to October 2022.At the same time,demographic information,lifestyle habits,and other information of the study population were obtained through questionnaire surveys and physical examinations.Urine was collected as biological samples and packaged and frozen in ultra-low temperature refrigerators(-80.0 °C).25 common antibiotics in urine samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.The use percentage(%)expressed the frequency of antibiotic exposure,and the exposure status was described by the percentage quantile(75%,90%,95%,99%)and the maximum value;The basic population information database was established using Epi Data 3.1,with double blind entry and consistency testing and error correction.The data was statistically analyzed using SPSS software;Using a2-test approach to elucidate the impact of various factors on antibiotic exposure levels in the population,hazard quotients and hazard indices are calculated based on estimated daily intake to assess population health risks.Results:The total detection rate of urinary antibiotics among the 314 subjects included in the study was 97.77%.After the total detection rate was standardized by age and gender,the age standardized rates for males and females were 94.08% and 96.09%,respectively.By type,the detection rates of quinolones and sulfonamides in the five major antibiotics were as high as 79.61% and 75.48%,followed by the detection rates of chloramphenicols,tetracyclines,and macrolides,which were 40.76%,25.76%,and14.33%,respectively.According to usage,the detection rate of PVA for veterinary antibiotics is as high as 66.56%.The detection rates of HA for human antibiotics,VA for veterinary antibiotics,and PHA for human antibiotics are 14.30%,10.74%,and8.37%,respectively.Among the 25 single antibiotics,the detection rate of norfloxacin exceeded 50%,and the highest concentration was 3452.41 ng/m L.Preliminary analysis of the health risk assessment of 20 antibiotics on the population yielded the following results: the hazard index HI of sulfonamides(SAs)were all less than 1,and the HQ values of individual hazard quotients were all less than 1;The hazard index(HI)of quinolones(FQs)in 33 samples(10.51%)was greater than 1,indicating that quinolone antibiotics pose a high risk to the health of some populations;Two(0.63%)samples of tetracyclines(TCs)had HI greater than 1,while others were all less than 1;One sample(0.31%)of macrolides(MA)had HI greater than 1,while the rest were less than 1.Chloramphenicols(CAPs)had HI less than 1.There are 115 samples with a total concentration of HI greater than 1 for 20 antibiotics in a single sample,indicating a high risk.Analyzing health risks based on individual antibiotic hazard quotients suggests that ciprofloxacin(CIX)in quinolone antibiotics poses a high risk to the health of the population(HQ>1),with a maximum of 29 doses(9.23%)and a maximum HQ of 7.03.Norfloxacin,ofloxacin,oxytetracycline,and roxithromycin are all one sample(0.31%)and have a HQ greater than 1.The HQ of other antibiotics is less than 1.Conclusion:The population in Zhoushan City is widely exposed to quinolones,sulfonamides,chloramphenicols,tetracyclines,and macrolide antibiotics.Moreover,the level of antibiotic exposure in the population is relatively high,and the population is exposed to multiple antibiotics.97.77% of the study subjects have detected antibiotics in their bodies;There are differences in the social demographic characteristics,personal health behaviors,and lifestyle of different populations,as well as the level of antibiotic exposure in the body.Population Health Risk Reminder: Some antibiotics may pose high risks to human health,with the proportion of mixed antibiotics with HI greater than 1 reaching 36.6%,with ciprofloxacin(9.23%)accounting for the largest proportion.