Study On The Change Of Alcohol Consumption Culture In Ming And Qing Dynasties

Baijiu was first seen in the Yuan Dynasty,when it was first called "araq",followed by "shaojiu" "huojiu" and other names.During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,baijiu completed the whole process from popularization to prosperity in hundreds of years.Since then,Chinese people have shown a strong preference for baijiu in the choice of drinking categories.This paper takes the change of alcohol consumption culture in Ming and Qing Dynasties as the research object,and makes a comprehensive and in-depth investigation on the overall development,function,propagation path and reasons for the flourishing of baijiu during this period.On this basis,it further discusses the transformation of alcohol consumption choice in the whole society,and then analyzes the relationship between the change process of alcohol consumption culture and the dissemination and integration of regional and national culture,as well as its relationship with social and cultural changes.This paper is divided into four chapters.The first chapter discusses the evolution of the connotation of "baijiu" and "huangjiu" in ancient China.The word "baijiu" originally referred to white fermented wine,similar to today ’s mash wine,which began to refer to distilled wine after the Qing Dynasty.The term "huangjiu" originally only refers to yellow fermented wine.With the popularity of Shaoxing huangjiu in China,the term " huangjiu" began to refer to high-quality fermented wine,and then further evolved into a general term for Chinese fermented wine.The second chapter discusses the development of baijiu industry in Ming and Qing Dynasties.This chapter first summarizes the categories of wine and the raw materials of wine making in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Secondly,the wine administration of the Ming government was briefly stated,focusing on how baijiu completed the popularization process from north to south under the relatively loose policy,and the application of baijiu in the military and medical fields during this process.Finally,the process of baijiu becoming the mainstream of alcohol consumption in the Qing Dynasty was discussed in detail.With the participation of the upper class of the Qing Dynasty,baijiu began to prevail from top to bottom,and all sectors of society participated in this booze.Under the continuous intervention and suppression of the Qing government,the production and consumption of baijiu still exceeded that of huangjiu and became the dominant consumption of liquor market.The third chapter analyzes the role of foreign brewing technology in promoting the baijiu industry in southern Sichuan and northern Guizhou under the background of crossregional cultural exchanges with specific cases.This chapter first introduces the development of the baijiu industry in Shanxi and Shaanxi Province during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.From the perspective of development trends,the brewing technology in the northern region,especially the brewing technology in Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces,is significantly better than that in the south.Secondly,it focuses on the positive impact of brewing technology in Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces on the baijiu industry in southern Sichuan and northern Guizhou under the background of population movement and trade exchange.Nowadays,southern Sichuan and northern Guizhou are famous baijiu producing areas in China.The rise of baijiu industry is the result of regional cultural exchange and integration.The fourth chapter focuses on the analysis of the reasons for the change of drinking consumption preference in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,and deeply discusses the attribute,symbolic symbol,text image and consumption identity of different groups of baijiu.No matter from the perspective of brewing materials or production process,baijiu is a kind of " cheap " popular drink,so the scholar-official class made a distinction between " vulgar " and " elegant " baijiu and huangjiu.However,it is precisely because of the " vulgar " characteristics of baijiu that it can be consumed by a large number of ordinary people and become the leading product of the alcohol market.After entering the Qing Dynasty,with the deepening of the integration of Han and Manchu cultures,the Manchu diet custom of drinking baijiu was gradually accepted by the upper class of Han society.Since then,baijiu has changed from a civilian drink to a national drink.In general,the development of baijiu in China has experienced three stages from local drinks,civilian drinks to national drinks.After the middle of the Ming Dynasty,baijiu was first popular in northern China.Later,with the migration of population,commodity trade and other factors,the brewing technology and drinking habits in the north began to spread southward,and quickly welcomed by the general public in the south,prompting baijiu from local drinks to become civilian drinks.Since the beginning of the Qing Dynasty,with the further deepening of the integration of regional culture and national culture,baijiu has gradually conquered the taste buds of all levels of society and eventually become a popular alcoholic beverage.