| Since the 20 th century,global warming has had a profound impact on human survival and development.It is imperative to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and develop low-carbon economy.Tourism,as the world’s largest industry,has brought a lot of carbon emissions with its rapid development.Promoting energy conservation and emission reduction has become an inevitable choice for countries around the world to deal with global warming.Tourism,as the world’s largest industry,has brought a lot of carbon emissions with its rapid development.Promoting energy conservation and emission reduction has become an inevitable choice for countries around the world to deal with global warming.As a major tourism province,Hainan’s carbon emissions from tourism cannot be underestimated.Therefore,studying the carbon emission of Hainan’s tourism industry has an important impact on the low-carbon development of Hainan’s tourism industry and the high-quality sustainable development of China’s social economy.At present,there are a lot of research results on tourism carbon emissions,but there are few results specifically on the evolution of tourism carbon emissions spatial pattern and its driving factors in Hainan Province,especially the comprehensive and systematic research on the evolution of tourism carbon emissions spatial pattern and its driving factors in Hainan Province.This paper first uses the "bottom-up" method to measure the carbon emissions of tourism in 18 cities and counties of Hainan Province from 2009 to 2020.On this basis,the spatial pattern of tourism carbon emissions in Hainan Province is presented by Arc GIS spatial analysis tool,and then the evolution process and characteristics of the spatial pattern are analyzed.Then,based on relevant theories and literature,the driving factors of spatial pattern evolution of tourism carbon emissions were collected,and the geographical detector model was used to explore the driving factors of spatial pattern evolution of tourism carbon emissions in Hainan Province.The main conclusions of this paper are as follows:(1)At present,the overall carbon emission intensity of tourism in Hainan Province is relatively high.The tourism transportation sector is the main source of the overall carbon emission of tourism in Hainan Province,and the carbon emissions of tourism activities and tourism accommodation sectors account for a very low proportion.Civil aviation transportation is the first source of carbon emissions of tourism transportation sector.Leisure vacation is the first source of carbon emissions in the tourism activity sector.(2)At present,Haikou’s carbon emission and carbon emission intensity of tourism rank the first place among all cities and counties in Hainan Province.Sanya’s carbon emission and carbon intensity of tourism rank the second place,but they are both far lower than Haikou’s.The carbon emission of tourism in Haikou and Sanya accounts for about 99% of the province’s total.The remaining 16 cities and counties had lower carbon emission and carbon emission intensity from tourism.Meanwhile,in Qionghai,Wanning and Baoting,carbon emissions from tourism activities were the main source of tourism carbon emissions.In the remaining 15 cities and counties,carbon emissions from tourism transportation were the main source.In Haikou and Sanya,carbon emissions from tourism transportation were the main source of carbon emissions from civil aviation transportation.In the remaining 16 cities and counties,the carbon emissions from tourism transportation were mainly from road transportation,and the carbon emissions from tourism activity departments of 18 cities and counties were mainly from leisure and vacation activities.The carbon emissions from tourism accommodation department of Sanya was the highest among the 18 cities and counties,while the carbon emissions from tourism accommodation department of Sanya was the lowest among the 18 cities and counties.(3)From 2009 to 2020,the overall carbon emissions of Hainan’s tourism industry showed an upward trend,while the tourism carbon intensity showed a downward trend in fluctuations.From 2009 to 2019,the overall carbon emissions of Hainan’s tourism industry,tourism transportation,tourism activities and tourism accommodation all increased rapidly.In 2020,due to the hindered development of tourism caused by COVID-19,the total carbon emission of tourism in Hainan,as well as the carbon emission of tourism transportation,tourism activities and tourism accommodation all decreased significantly.In Hainan Province,the change of carbon emissions of tourism transportation sector was consistent with the change of total carbon emissions of tourism,and the change of carbon emissions of tourism activities and tourism accommodation was generally consistent with the change of carbon emissions of tourism.(4)From 2009 to 2020,the carbon emissions of tourism industry in 18 cities and counties of Hainan Province showed a fluctuating change.From 2009 to 2019,the carbon emissions of tourism industry in 9 cities and counties of Baisha,Baoting,Changjiang,Ding ’an,Chengmai,Ledong,Danzhou,Haikou and Sanya showed a fluctuating increase,while the carbon emissions of tourism industry in other cities and counties showed a fluctuating decrease.Due to the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020,the carbon emissions of tourism industry in all cities and counties decreased significantly compared with that in 2019,while the carbon emission intensity of tourism industry in 18 cities and counties showed a trend of decline,among which nine cities and counties,Dongfang,Lingshui,Wuzhishan,Chengmai,Wanning,Lingao,Tunchang,Ledong and Qiongzhong,decreased by more than 95%.(5)From 2009 to 2020,the tourism carbon emissions of Hainan Province always show an unbalanced spatial pattern of "the highest in the northern region,the middle in the southern region and the lowest in the middle region".Haikou in the northern region and Sanya in the southern region have always been high carbon emission areas and key areas for carbon emission reduction,while other cities and counties are low carbon emission areas.However,from 2009 to 2020,the spatial pattern of carbon emissions from tourism industry in Hainan Province was significantly unbalanced.(6)The spatial distribution of tourism carbon emission intensity in Hainan Province changed from relatively unbalanced to extremely unbalanced.The spatial pattern changed from "the lowest in the northern region,the middle in the southern region and the highest in the middle region" in 2009 to "the highest in the northern region,the lowest in the southern region and the middle region" in 2015,and then to "the highest in the northern region,the middle in the southern region and the lowest in the middle region" in 2019 and 2020 At present,Haikou is the only high-intensity carbon emission area in the province,and Sanya is the only mediumhigh intensity carbon emission area in the province.(7)The evolution of spatial pattern of tourism carbon emission in Hainan Province was driven by five factors: industrial structure,tourism carbon emission structure,urbanization level,tourism reception scale and economic development level,among which,Economic development level and tourism carbon emission structure are the two major factors for maintaining the unbalanced spatial pattern of tourism carbon emission in Hainan Province from2009 to 2020,which is "the highest in the northern region,the middle in the southern region and the lowest in the middle region".Industry structure,tourism carbon emission structure and tourism reception scale are the three major driving factors for the enhancement of the spatial pattern of tourism carbon emission in Hainan Province from 2009 to 2020,while urbanization level and economic development level slightly offset the strengthening effect of the three factors:industrial structure,tourism carbon emission structure and tourism reception scale.(8)The evolution of spatial pattern of tourism carbon intensity in Hainan Province was driven by four factors,including tourism carbon emission structure,industrial structure,urbanization level and tourism energy intensity,among which,From 2009 to 2020,the spatial pattern of tourism carbon emission intensity in Hainan Province changed from "the lowest in the northern region,the middle in the southern region and the highest in the middle region" to "the highest in the northern region,the lowest in the southern region and the middle region",and then to "the highest in the northern region and the highest in the southern region" The change of the spatial pattern of tourism energy intensity offset the partial strengthening effect of these three factors on the spatial pattern of tourism carbon emission intensity.Tourism carbon emission structure,industrial structure and urbanization level are the three major factors that lead to the unbalanced spatial pattern of tourism carbon emission intensity in Hainan Province.The spatial pattern of these three major factors is either highly consistent or roughly consistent with the spatial pattern of tourism carbon emission intensity.Based on the above conclusions,the following suggestions are put forward: Build lowcarbon tourism transportation and optimize the carbon emission structure of tourism;Identify key emission reduction areas for tourism and narrow the tourism carbon emission gap;Strengthen regional cooperation based on differences;Change the mode of economic development and promote energy conservation and emission reduction;Rationally control the scale of tourism reception and promote the concept of low-carbon tourism;Improve the technology level and reduce the energy intensity of tourism;Promote new urbanization and achieve sustainable development.The new progress made in this paper.First,based on relevant theories and literature research,theoretical analysis was conducted on the driving factors of the spatial pattern evolution of tourism carbon emissions,and then the geographical detector model was introduced to empirically analyze the driving factors of the spatial pattern evolution of tourism carbon emissions,providing a reference method for the study of the driving factors of the spatial pattern evolution of tourism carbon emissions.Second,it reveals the characteristics and driving factors of the spatial pattern evolution of tourism carbon emissions in Hainan Province,which provides a valuable case for the study of the spatial pattern evolution of tourism carbon emissions. |
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