| Objective: The freeze-drying process of ginseng tablets and whole ginseng was optimized by comprehensive evaluation method;Compare the chemical composition and sensory quality changes of traditional drying methods and freeze-dried ginseng;To evaluate the quality of ginseng with different drying methods,providing theoretical basis and method reference for standardizing the production and quality control of ginseng and better storing ginseng;The biological activity of ginseng dried in different ways was preliminarily investigated by investigating the dissolution of saponins in artificial gastric juice.Methods:Based on the single factor experiment,based on the information entropy theory and backpropagation artificial neural network(BP-ANN)combined with orthogonal experiments,the freeze-drying process of ginseng tablets was optimized using slice thickness,main drying temperature,main drying time,and main drying pressure as the inspection factors,and the appearance characteristics,water loss rate,ginsenoside Rg1,Re,Rb1 content,and alcohol extract content as the evaluation indicators;Using the water loss rate as an evaluation index,the freeze-drying process of the whole ginseng was optimized.2.Taking different drying methods of ginseng as the research object,the content of total saponins,total flavonoids,and total sugar of ginseng was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry,the color difference value was measured by a color difference meter,the antioxidant activity in vitro was evaluated by DPPH method,the rehydration ratio was measured by rehydration method,and the volume shrinkage rate was calculated by measuring the diameter and thickness of ginseng slices before and after drying.The content of ethanol extract was determined by referring to General Rule 2201 under Part IV of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,Version 2020;Based on the above results,their quality was compared and analyzed using the coefficient of variation method.3.Establish HPLC methods for the determination of ginseng samples with different drying methods,analyze the chromatograms and establish their fingerprints through the"Chinese Medicine Chromatographic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System(2012 Edition)",evaluate their similarity,and perform cluster analysis on the results through SPSS 21.0.4.The chemical components of bionic extracted ginseng samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS): mass spectrometry conditions: electric spray ion source(ESI),negative ion scanning mode,spray voltage-3.5k V,mass scanning range m/z 100-1500,sheath gas flow 35 Arb,auxiliary gas flow 10 Arb,S-lens radio frequency level 50%,capillary temperature 320℃.Liquid phase condition: Waters BEH C18(100 mm×2.1 mm ×1.7μm)Chromatographic column;The mobile phase A is 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution,and the B is acetonitrile,with gradient elution and a flow rate of 0.2 m L/min;Injection volume 1 μL;The column temperature is 35℃.Quantitative determination of the dissolution of ginsenosides Rg1,Re,Rb1,Rb2,Rh1,Rc,and Rd in different drying methods of bionic extraction of ginseng in artificial gastric juice.Results:The optimal freeze-drying conditions for ginseng tablets are: slice thickness 2-4 mm,pre freezing-30℃,2 h,main drying temperature-10℃,pressure 0.70 mbar,drying time≥8 h.The best lyophilization process for the whole ginseng is to place 8 needles of the whole ginseng in a lyophilizer,pre freeze at-40℃for 3 hours;Main drying:-30℃,12 h-20℃,12 h;-10℃,12 h;0℃,12 h,pressure 0.370 mbar;The final drying temperature is 30℃,6 h,and the pressure is 0.213 mbar.The comprehensive scores of ginseng in different drying methods from high to low are as follows: freeze drying>55℃drying>30℃drying>sun drying>shady drying.The quality of freeze dried ginseng is the best,while shady dry ginseng is the worst.3.The repeatability,precision,and stability of ginseng fingerprints obtained by different drying methods were investigated.The results showed that the RSD was less than 3%,and 16 common peaks were identified.Among them,peak 4 was Rg1,peak 5 was Re,peak 7 was Rb1,peak 10 was Rc,peak 11 was Rh1,peak 12 was Rb2,and peak 14 was Rd.The similarity between the S1-S20 sample and the control fingerprint was greater than 0.9;The cluster analysis results show that the samples are classified into four categories,among which there is a very clear distinction between the 55℃drying group,the air drying group,the freeze drying group,the 30℃drying group,and the shade drying group.The distinction between the shade drying group and the 30℃drying group is not very clear,and can be classified into one category.A total of 21 ginsenosides were identified from bionically extracted ginseng through mass spectrometry fragmentation and precise molecular weight identification,and 7 of them were quantitatively determined by high-performance liquid chromatography.The content of ginsenoside Rg1 content:freeze-drying>30 ℃ drying>air drying>shady drying>55 ℃drying;ginsenoside Re content: freeze-drying>shade drying>30℃drying>air drying>55℃drying;ginsenoside Rc content: freeze-drying>shade drying>30℃drying>air drying>55℃drying;ginsenoside Rb1 content: dried at 30℃>freeze-dried>shady dried>dried at 55℃>air dried;ginsenoside Rd content: freeze-drying>30 ℃ drying>shade drying>55 ℃ drying>air drying;ginsenoside Rh1 content: freeze-drying>30℃drying>air drying>shade drying>55℃drying;ginsenoside Rb2: Content freeze-drying>30℃drying>air drying>shade drying>55℃drying.The total content of seven ginsenosides is freeze-dried>dried at 30℃>dried in the shade>dried in the air>dried at 55℃.Conclusion:1.The optimal freeze-dried process parameters for ginseng tablets and whole ginseng were determined,which were verified to be stable and feasible,providing a basis for large-scale production in enterprises.2.Different drying methods of ginseng have certain differences in their properties,sensory quality,and intrinsic active ingredients,and it is preferable to choose freeze drying or hot air drying for processing.Freeze dried slices better retain the quality of fresh ginseng,with small volume shrinkage,plump appearance,crisp texture,good taste,but high energy consumption;Hot air drying is fast,with large volume shrinkage,wrinkled appearance,and hard texture.However,it is easy to operate,low energy consumption,and high production efficiency.In the actual production process,reasonable choices can be made based on specific needs and production conditions.Through fingerprint similarity analysis and cluster analysis of saponin components in ginseng from different habitats and different drying methods,it was found that there was a similar relationship between the high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)diagrams of four batches of five different drying methods of ginseng slices,and there were differences among different drying methods of ginseng.4.Due to the different drying methods of ginseng and the transformation of saponin components during the bionic extraction process,there are differences in the dissolution of ginsenoside content in artificial gastric juice.Among them,the freeze-dried samples have a crisp texture,good taste,and are extremely easy to crush.The bionic extraction has a high content of effective components,resulting in higher bioavailability... |
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