A Study On International Cooperation In Climate Change And Emissions Trading System

Climate change which arised in 1980's is a worldwide long-term complex problem, and makes a notable impact on the future and fundamental interests of countries all over the world. International cooperation in climate change (ICCC) was made broadly to decrease climate change and reduce the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) for the past years. It is the key of ICCC that how to coordinate trade and environment and design emissions trading system.Therefore, the dissertation demonstrates in the following logic sequence. Firstly, the severeness and importance of coping with climate change and strengthening ICCC and academic researches were introduced. Secondly, the dissertation analyzes the nature of game of ICCC, explores the relationship between trade and environment in ICCC theoretically, reviews various theories of emissions trading system, and interprets the framework of international emissions trading system stipulated in the Kyoto Protocol. Lastly, empirical evidences on ICCC and emissions trading system were given to predict the prospect of ICCC. Then, the dissertation put forward a comprehensive plan to perfect the Kyoto Protocol, as well as the policies and proposals for China on how to participate in ICCC and design national emissions trading system.From the viewpoint of game, ICCC is a process of international collective decision-making and a kind of game with the existence of uncertainty, which influences broadly and strategically on all participates'benefits. By nature, ICCC is launched to protect global climate and rearrange international politics and economy in a new order. After Literature reviewing, the dissertation turn to bring forward game theories and international cooperation theories to find out the payoff structure and game tactics of ICCC participates in the case of six game paradigms. Thus, the dissertation reveals the mechanism, conflict of interest and various patterns of ICCC, which results in new pads and frameworks that will helps our country to participate in.As an important part of international environment cooperation, ICCC was also confronted with the difficulty in coordinating the relationship between trade and environment. Together with those usual standpoints that trade and the environment could coexist, there exists apparent inconsistency between them theoretically and empirically. By introducing the theory of combining trade and environment, the dissertation analyzes the game tactics of interest-driven participates in ICCC, and explores the methods of environmental pollution control in the framework of international trade treaties. Therefore, the dissertation demonstrates theoretically that it is an effective selection to bring environment into trade liberation negotiation to clarify the relationship. After that, empirical evidences of NAFTA and European Union were raised to find out the approaches of regional environmental cooperation. The reasons and countermeasures of the latent Conflict between MEAs and WTO are also discussed in the dissertation. To clarify the relationship, the dissertation raised four principles of international laws, i.e., equality, accumulation, mutual-honour, division of labor and neutrality. On the other hand, some measurements that could be taken are as follows: to create long-term dialogue merchanism, to take active steps for MEAs, to design more feasibile and overall approach, to focus on ground level work on the two sides'common characters.Up to date, it is the major difficulty with which ICCC was confronted that how to adopt collective action to overcome the prisoners'dilemma and optimize the supply and allocation of common interests. Due to the fact that the international institution determines the payoff structure and equilibrium outcome of the game, it seems to be a reasonable measurement to set up a perfect, steady and efficient international institution. As an international institution, the Kyoto Protocol resulted from ICCC. The three mechanisms and the framework of international emissions trading system stipulated by the Kyoto Protocol show clearly the directions of ICCC, and help to promote economic and trade cooperation. At the same time, how to create and perfect international emissions trading system prior to the first implementation period (from 2008 to 2012) of the Kyoto Protocol is the main problem for international society. So, the dissertation turns to focus on the theories, policies and practices of emissions trading.To explore theoretic basis of emissions trading, the dissertation reviews firstly the theory of externality, the theory of tragedy of the commons, the theory of scarce resources, school of title rights, the Coase Theorem, and free market environmentalism, etc. Secondly, by introducing energy forum models and cost-effective pollution control mathematics model, the dissertation supports cost effects of emissions trading. Thirdly, the legal framework of emissions trading is also discussed. Lastly, the author compares the management costs and effects of emissions trading with those of other environment-control economic instruments. On the policy tool of emissions trading, the dissertation analyzes political, economic and technological difficulties accompanied with international emissions trading system. The conclusion seems to be a kind of comprehensive plan, which combines Coase approach, Pigu approach and PAMs with each other. On the practice of emissions trading, the dissertation briefly introduces tradable permit systems in USA,gas emissions trading programmers in European Union, national CO2 emissions trading system in Japan, as well as emissions trading experiments in China.In the end, the dissertation puts forward corresponding policies and proposals. In this part, the character and prospect of ICCC is discussed, as well as the tactics and principles that China should be stick to in ICCC. Then, the dissertation turns to the proposals on how to design national emissions trading system in China. To enforce emission trading and establish national emission trading system, the following items should be urgently legislated: to confirm emission permits and emissions reduction credits, to establish offsets policy, bubbles policy, banking policy and trading procedure.