| As city infrastructure,heating system covers all aspects of society.Its level of development speed and good or bad quality will have a significant impact on the people's livelihood,social stability,energy conservation and other issues.Recently,every country has become increasingly concerned about the issue of city heating and the research of it. The attentions also include the appraisal of city heating systems.However,there are many problems in researching the appraisal of city heating system.Particularly,the theories and methods about appraisal of city heating systems needs to develop and improve.One of the most important problems is how can we appraise the city heating from all aspects of economics,social,environments,resources and the further in-depth research from theoretical approaches.The main reasons are as follows:The obvious contradiction between energy supply and demand in China has become the bottleneck of sustainable development.Recently,energy and environmental issues become the major social problem which faced the world.Energy is material basis of the modern society and life.With the rapid growth of population and economic the consumption of energy has also increased dramatically.Coupled with the limited availability of energy,the growing imbalance between supply and demand,which significantly limits the sustainable development of economic and social.The proportion of building energy consumption is too large and the conservation of enery must be implemented immediately.The current situations of China is not only the large total building energy consumption but also the low energy efficiency of construction. Implementing the concept of scientific development and the strategy of sustainable development and holding on the policy of "equall resource development and saving, taking savings in the first place,raising the utilization rate of resources",which achieves to make the implementation of building energy-saving having a leap-forward development. All above have became urgent tasks.A wide range of choices are facing the heating mode.As the pressure of environmental protection that the city faced is getting more and more tremendous,the structure of city energy is being adjusting.The reform of economic system needs reforming the old heating system urgently.At the same time,the rapid development of city heating technology and the emerging of various heating modes make we face the difficult of choices.Economic appraisal of city heating is an important component of the city heating's development and energy-saving of construction.How to appraise city heating from the perspective of economic and social,particular the appraisal and selection of heating modes which Concerns many issues like decision-making of government and the developers,the choices of consumer and so on.That is also related to money-saving,energy-saving, meeting customer need and promoting development of city in harmony and sustainable.Currently,there are many methods of appraising city heating from economic and social point of view.The purposes of appraisal are different.There are simple method or complex method.No only exist single-objective methods but also multi-objective methods. There are single-factor methods or multi-factor methods.So,there is a need to analysis and define the methods in theory.We must make our thinking clear and provide basis of theories and practices for the decision-making.It needs to improve the theory and method of city heating appraisal urgently.The ideas of appraisal have been applicated in the appraisal of city heating system.But it needs adapt to the rapid development of heating technology and socio-economic.We must examine current theories and methods of appraisal from a new perspective.We raise the idea of this text basing on the theoretical and practical background above.This paper takes the theories and methods of city heating appraisal as its theme.It not only reveals the nature and characteristics of city heating appraisal but also discovers general lows.All above are through the composing of city heating appraisal system,the factors affecting the methods of appraisal,the establishment of appraisal index system,as well as researching on the development trends of city heating modes.It proposes development mechanism of city heating modes and provides guidance with theoretical and practical significance for guiding the practice of city heating appraisal,guiding the the direction of developing about city heating technology,further reforming of heating system and promoting heating sustainable developing.According to the purposes and ideas of this paper's,its research contents eight chapters,the main contents in each chapter are as follows:In the first chapter,it raises the issues we study from such point of views of the supply and demand of energy,energy consumption and saving of buildings,development of the city heating technology and present situations of the city heating system.This chapter aims to analyze the purposes,contents,methods and the technical route of the research.In the second chapter,it raises the theoretical literature review and synthesis.Aiming at researching questions,it not only explores the sources of city heating appraisal theories and methods but also explains appraisal theories from different perspectives.Both are through using secondary data analysis,comparative analysis,logical reasoning and other methods.Through the reviewing and carding of related literatures,it further explains the theoretical basis of appraisal about city heating system.It analyzes the theories of economic appraisal and social appraisal about city heating systems at home and abroad. This chapter also analyzes the current situations and progressing of city heating appraisal theories and methods,and points out the problems concerning the appraisal theories and methods of city heating appraisal.①The tendency of new and complex appraisal methods is becoming more and more serious;②In practical applications,the selecting of indicators is not scientific and lacks of theoretical guidance;③There exists a gap between theoretical research and practical application;④It is failure to establish a more comprehensive and systematic social appraisal system,the coverage of social indicators is small;⑤The determining of weights lacks of scientific basis;⑥The qualitative analysis of appraisal is ignored.In the third chapter,it analyzes the present situations of the city heating at home and abroad.It analyzes the situation about heating sources of district heating,energy consumption of heating,technology of heating metering and charging and heating metering and charging in typical cities.The main problems that city heating system exist in our country are as follows:The energy consumption of heating is huge and the efficient of heating is low;The quality of heating is poor,sometime is hot and sometime is cold.There is a serious waste of energy; The means of control is lack and indoor thermal environment is poor;choosing heating programs is lack of basis.The problems heating mechanisms exist are given out:The welfare of heating has problems;The methods of drafting heating price are not in accordance with the rules of market economy;The current heating system is not perfect. The main problems that heating metering and charging exist are as follows:The heating metering is carried out,but the charging is not.The core issues of heating metering are unresolved;The standards of heating metering are imperfect;The pricing is not uniform and science;The users' cognitive level of heating metering is low.In the fourth chapter,it analyzes the city heating modes and how to choose one.It makes a further study on city heating modes basing on analysis of constituent elements of city heating modes.This chapter divides the heating modes into three categories:district heating,dispersing heating,household-heating.It analyzes the characteristics of the three heating modes.At the same time,it analyzes district heating and dispersing heating qualitatively from point of views environmental benefits,economic benefits,social benefits,heating quality,energy consumption,heat loss and so on.The main factors which restrict the development of city multi-heat sources networks in our country have been analyzed which are though the methods of exploratory analyzing of literatures,speculative summarizing and theory transplantation.It expounds the necessity of networks-heating in city.The advantages and issues of multi-heat sources networks are both pointed out.Basing on the analyzing of the heating sources and nets in our country,the "Sources Parted from Networks" heating mode has been raised for the first time.It defines the meaning and prerequisite for the establishment of "Sources Parted from Networks" heating mode.It elaborates the significance of "Sources Parted from Networks" heating mode.This paper holds the idea that "Sources Parted from Networks" is an inevitable trend of district heating."Sources Parted from Networks" is a complete set of heating system which is based on multi-heat sources networks.This system is companied by heating source,heating net,heating Source Services and users."Sources Parted from Networks" heating mode needs departing the heating sources from heating net.The purposes are as follows:ensuring the safety of heating system,meeting the needs of users, ensuring the a higher reliability of heating,breaking up monopolies and promoting fair competition in the industry,building the formation mechanism of price which meets the requirements of competition in the market.The "Sources Parted from Networks" heating mode has been raised.It also raises the heating system of "Sources Parted from Networks". It conceives the management mode of "Sources Parted from Networks" from the perspective of market economy.That is using "three-tier market" model in the heating market:heating exchanging market,heating supplying market,heating products market.In the fifth chapter,it investigates the theory and methods of city heating system appraisal.The city heating appraisal system is also constructed.It researches appraisal theories and methods from the aspects such as technical,economical and social.A appraisal system is constructed from various perspectives.The content and the composition of appraisal index system about technology,society and economic appraisal and the sorts of appraisal methods have been analyzed comprehensively.The opinions of this chapter are as follows:The city heating system appraisal should be carried out from every perspective;Heating is a systematic engineering;Combining the characteristics of city heating systems,we can divided city heating appraisal system into technical appraisal system,economic appraisal system, social appraisal system and environmental appraisal system;That is building a comprehensive and theoretical appraisal system of city heating system though appraising city heating system and its affects on external environment,which is using theories and methods of technical,economic,social appraisal.In the sixth chapter,it analyzes the appraisal of city heating modes.It makes quantitative analysis of the city heating modes with the appraisal methods of AHP, crossed-DEA,and DEA/AHP.It compares typical appraisal methods from theory;the comparison is in accordance with the idea of individual to general.It summarizes the essence of the appraisal methods with the purpose of finding out general rule.Taking the principle of establishing appraisal index system as guidance,it divides the factors impacting on heating modes into four main categories:economic benefits,social benefits,ecological benefits,environmental and humanities benefits.There are 14 indicators,for example,initial investment costs,operating costs,the emissions of harmful gases and dust,consumption of energy per unit area,the rate of disputes about charging, exergy efficiency,safety,health and comfort,regulating of temperature and time.It builds up an index system of heating mode appraisal.The acquisition of dates is though the methods of statistics,calculation of sample enterprise and experts points.The results of heating modes appraisal are different.However,considering the trends of development in future and the interval,the results are nearly identical.Electricity combination,small-scale gas-fired domestic water heaters,electrical ground-source heat pump heating modes are nearly top three and have a good development trend no matter which methods is used. That is meeting the actual situation.So,the appraisal methods of AHP,crossed-DEA,and DEA/AHP are accurate and scientific,they all suitable for heating modes appraisal.Though the analysis of three methods and the results of the heating modes appraisal, we can get the following conclusions:①There is no perfect appraisal method.The credibility of the results can be greatly improved if we use a variety of methods to appraise;②It use DEA/AHP which is an innovation of combining DEA with AHP to appraise heating modes.Although the appraisal results have been satisfactory,but we can not say that such a combination method is the best way to appraise heating modes;③The results of appraisal do not have the accuracy like mathematics.It is very important that although the appraisal method is a quantitative study,but the combination of qualitative analysis can not be ignored;④The more complex method is not the better one.The best is the suitable one.In the seventh chapter,it not only apprises the heating in Shenyang but also chooses the modes.The chapter analyzes the present situation of heating and the heating problems exit in Shenyang.It appraises six main heating modes in Shenyang city with DEA/AHP. At the same time,it apprises ground-source heat pump heating mode in Shenyang,which is including the comparison of coal-saving,the comparison between ground-source heat pump heating mode and others.It apprises ground-source heat pump heating mode from the aspects of investment-estimating,economic benefits,social benefits and environmental benefits.The ideas this paper holds are as follows:It should be given priority to develop heating and electricity combination and ground-source heat pump heating mode in Shenyang,which is should be in accordance with the results' guiding.At the same time, we can apply other heating modes according to the objective conditions.It puts forward reducing heating energy,taking district heating as the lender,using a variety heating modes according to the conditions,putting household heat-metering into effect and two-fold heating price for per household,implementing the "Sources Parted from Networks" mode when the conditions is appropriate to the circumstances.It can be implemented in some new city areas first and then promoted.In the eighth chapter,it gives out the conclusion of the study and the outlook.It summarizes and analyzes the conclusions above.It points out the gaps and future directions of our researching.The new ideas and innovative researching results of this paper have been arranged:1) Identifying how to select district heating mode or dispersing heating mode;2) Putting forward the concept of "Sources Parted form Networks" heating mode. Elaborating the idea that "Sources Parted form Networks" is an inevitable trend of district heating,which based on developing district heating.Setting its heating system framework. Conceiving the management mode of "Sources Parted from Networks" heating mode which uses "Three-tier market" mode in the heating market;3) Constructing a comprehensive appraisal system of city heating which includes technical,economic,social and environmental appraisal systems;4) The DEA crossed-appraisal method and the DEA/AHP method have been applied to appraisal the heating mode for the first time;Considering the two methods are appropriate for heating mode appraisal;5) Expounding some new methods to appraise city heating and making conclusions;6) Giving out the new perspectives and insights about the impelling of ground-source heat pump heating in Shenyang;Therefore,the research of this paper has important theoretical significances and practically real values.
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