Study On Operating Safety Technology Of Highway Tunnel

With the increasing of tunnel length, traffic density and vehicle speed, the operating safety problem of highway tunnel seems more and more serious. This situation has been well indicated by the incidents occurred all over the world in the recent years, with huge economic loss and adverse social impact. In China, there are no trade regulations for operating management and counterplan for defending and salvaging disaster of highway tunnel. Therefore, it is urgent to study the operating safety technology of highway tunnel.In this thesis, operating management system of highway tunnel is put forward. In this system, the facilities, management, monitoring and counterplan are specified to work as base, key, core and guarantee, respectively. The countermeasure system for defending and salvaging disaster of highway tunnel can be divided into eight sub-systems such as guideline, safety grade, propagandism and education, traffic management, ventilation control, monitoring and fire fighting, building materials and additional establishments, and system of salvaging disaster. Corresponding to each of the sub-systems, the details are presented. With special reference to tunnel length and traffic, safety grade system of highway tunnel in China is defined as five grades, i.e., I, II, III, IV and V. Corresponding to each of the grades, the fire prevention facilities collocation table and traffic control table for transporting dangerous goods are presented.At present, the effect of fire fume resistance is not included in the highway tunnel fire ventilation design calculation. In this thesis, a simplified fire fume model and the calculating equations of fire fume resistance are proposed. The equations of traditional tunnel fire ventilation are mended, including the effect of fume resistance for throttle effect and fume resistance for floatage effect (pressure of fire wind). The results of the case studies indicate that fire fume resistance is too large to be ignored in fire ventilation calculation; that the pressure of fire wind in shaft is large enough to push fume out tunnel in a longitudinal ventilation system with shaft, on condition that the kindling point of the fire is much near to the shaft, the pressure of fire wind can even be larger than raise pressure, which is required to meet the critical velocity for fire ventilation. As a result, the axial fan pressure is needless.There are numerous researches on the characteristic of fire in highway tunnel, but there are a few studies relating to defending and salvaging fire simultaneously. In this thesis, tunnel users escape and rescue are studied, with special reference to temperature of fire in tunnel. By improving Cranee Equation, the escape conditions of tunnel users with temperature are presented. Using numerical methods, the temperature fields of burning of one car, one truck and two tucks are studied under various wind speeds. Based on the simulating results and the escape conditions, the escape direction, safety areas and area for fire suppression are prescribed in the temperature fields under various scales of fire. Besides, the influence of opening cross passage on the locations of escape and rescue sections is given under fire in highway tunnel.The above mentioned conclusions are applied to Yanmenguan tunnel, 5.65km long. In this thesis, the counterplans for defending and salvaging disaster to traffic incident, fire and dangerous goods transportation are established. In order to check the counterplans, a practical exercise in Yanmenguan tunnel is carried out in terms of both extinguishing and rescue during fire period. The response time of the related groups are recorded in details, and the environment parameters are tested at site. The exercise provides locale information for establishing counterplans for defending and salvaging disaster and operational management manual.Based on the researches of this thesis, a compiling guideline to operational management manual of long highway tunnel is presented.