The Mechanism Of Nutrients Availability For Storage Early, Long-Grain, Non-glutinous Rice In Swine Diets

Seven relative trails were conducted to investigate the mechanism of nutrients availability for storage early, long-grain non-glutinous rice (ELGNR, indica rice) in swine diets. The nutrients of different storage time and extrusion degree brown rice were analyzed firstly, then an in vitro trail was conducted to investigate the effect of exogenous enzyme on starch hydrolization degree for fresh or storage brown rice, the results suggested that the appropriate activity of exogenous enzyme for brown rice was a-amylase 2500 U/Kg diet and glucoamylase 20000 U/Kg diet. A continuative process trail was conducted to investigate the extrusion process parameters on starch gelatinization degree, the results showed that the starch gelatinization degree increased with the increasing of the extrusion temperature, maintaining appropriate ingredient moisture and supplementing with a-amylase. Two growth trails in a 2 x 2 factorial design used 192 weaned pigs (96 pigs per trail) were then conducted to investigate the effects of different storage time and extruded brown rice supplemented with exogenous enzyme on intestinal disaccharidase activity, serum glucose and urea nitrogen concentration and growth performance. The factors included brown rice source (fresh or stored) and enzyme supplementation (with supplementation or without supplementation) (trail 3) and extrusion status (extruded or non-treated) and enzyme supplementation (with supplementation or without supplementation) (trail 6), respectively. The results of trail 3 showed that pigs fed fresh brown rice had higher duodenal and jejunal maltase, isomaltase, sucrase and trehalase activity (P < 0.05), extrusion (P = 0.042) and enzyme (P - 0.003) supplementation resulted in a higher maltase activity for weaned pigs in duodenum at d 14. The results of trail 6 showed that extrusion decreased the activity of maltase (P = 0.016), isomaltase (P = 0.025), sucrase (P = 0.028), and lactase (P = 0.002) for weaned pigs in jejunum at d 28. Enzyme supplementation increased the activity of maltase (P = 0.016), isomaltase (P = 0.025), sucrase (P < 0.05) for weaned pigs at d 14, and enzyme supplementation increased activities of duodenal maltase (P = 0.004), isomaltase (P = 0.039), trehalase (P = 0.039), and lactase (P = 0.009) for the weaned pigs in jejunum at d 28. Weaned pigs fed the extruded or stored CSBR diet had a worse feed/gain (F/G) (P < 0.05). In order to investigate the effects source or extruded brown rice supplemented with exogenous enzyme on apparent ileal and fecal digestibility of nutrients, the carbohydrase activity and deoxidized glucose concentration in digesta, two digestion trails used 12 male pigs fitted with a simple "T" cannula at the terminal ileum were used and conducted in a 6 x 6 Latin Square design. The pigs in trail 4 were fed fresh or stored brown rice with or without two exogenous enzyme combinations (625 or 2500 mg/kg a-amylase and 200 or 1600 mg/kg glucoamylase) and one control (without enzyme supplementation). Pigs in trail 7 were fed non-treated or light or normal temperature extruded SBR without or with 625 mg/kg a-amylase and 200mg/kg glucoamylase supplementation. Chromic oxide was incorporated into the diets as an indigestible marker. The present results suggested that weaned pigs fed fresh brown rice had higher apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of methionine, isoleucine and valine compared topigs fed storage brown rice (P < 0.05), extrusion tended to improve the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of starch (P = 0.075), but the AID of energy, DM, CP and AA for grower pigs were not influenced by extrusion (P > 0.05). Enzyme supplementation increased the AID of lysine, methionine, threonine and isoleucine (P < 0.05). Normal temperature extrusion decreased the activity of carbohydrase in digesta, however, enzyme supplementation increased the activity of α-amylase (P < 0.05) and glucoamylase (P < 0.01) in digesta.