| The systematic investigation was conducted on the sika deer in the Yangzhou zoo and Pingshantang farm with scan sampling and focal animal sampling. The study observed the behaviour of sika deer, compared the behaviour rhythm and maternal behaviour among the male, female and young sika deer, compared the effect of visitor density on the behaviour in the two populations. The study also assayed the genetic diversity with 14 microsatellite loci in two populations, analyzed the correlation between the microsatellite locus and behaviour traits. The BDNF(Brain drive neuro-factor) and OPRK1(Kappa Opoioid Receptor 1) was detected as candidate gene which had correlation with behaviour traits. With the PCR-SSCP method to find the SNP of BDNF and OPRK1 in the different length, we analyzed the correlations between SNP and behaviour traits in the sika deer populations. The results were as follows:(1) The eating behaviour of sika deer had two peak periods, it was 7:30-9:30 and 16:30-17:30, and its frequency was 7.35-10.10 per hour in the peak time. The peak of relaxing behaviour was 11:30-13:30, the frequency was 5.52-7.55 per hour. The observing peak was 7:30-9:30 and 13:30-16:30, but the frequency of grooming and others was very low in all of the time. (2)The eating behaviour of farm male sika deer was different significantly from that of the zoo sika deer during 7:30-8:30, 12:30-14:30 and 15:30-16:30(P=0.002). The relaxing behaviour of farm male sika deer had higher significant difference than zoo. And during 13:30-15:30, there was significant difference(P=0.028, 0.045). The observing frequency behaviour of farm sika deer had higher than that of zoo sika deer. And the 12:30-16:30 periods, the observing behaviour had significant difference all the time(P=0.002, 0.044, 0.000).(3)The eating behaviour of female sika deer in the two populations had significant difference at the 7:30-9:30. The farm sike deer eating frequency in the zoo raised at the time of 12:30-15:30, but descended in the farm at same time(P=0.000, 0.008, 0.001). The ruminating behaviour of farm female sika deer had significant difference among 9 periods with the zoo population. The observing behaviour of sika deer in the zoo frequency was high and had high significant difference with farm female sika deer(P=0.000).(4)The eating behaviour of young sika deer had significant difference at 7:30-8:30 in two populations(P=0.038). At 13:30-17:30, the eating frequency of young sika deer in the farm ascended and the zoo descended(P=0.000, 0.005, 0.006). The ruminating frequency main happened at 8:30-13:30, and the young sika deer of zoo mainly happened at 7:30-10:30, there had significant difference among 8 periods. There were 9 periods that the ruminating frequency of young sika deer in the farm had higher than the zoo. There were 9 periods that the relaxing behaviour had significant difference, and the relaxing behaviour of young in the farm always was less than the zoo.(5) The R cluster results showed that the behaviour character of zoo sika deer can be summed with relaxing and moving, and the sika deer in the farm can be summed with relaxing and grooming.(6) The lactating time was about 19 minutes when the young sika was 1-7 days old in the farm, and the lactating time had significant difference with the other two periods. The young sika deer following behaviour was about 80 minutes at the age of 1-7 days, there had significant difference among the three periods. The time of female licking and grooming the young descended with the age of young sika deer ascended. The female searching and looking frequency was about 4 times at the young was 1-7 days old, but it was only below 1 times when the young was 15-35 days old. The lactating behaviour was about 24 minutes when the young was 1-7 days old in the zoo. And there was significant difference among three periods. The young following behaviour was about 120 minutes at the age of 1-7 day, and there was had significant difference among three periods. There was had significant difference with the following behaviour, grooming and licking behaviour with the different feeding conditions.(7)We compared the behaviours among male, female and young in two phase times, Male and female had a high significant difference of eating, relaxing behaviour in high visitor density(P<0.05), the result between male and young of observing behaviour were significant difference(P<0.05), female and male showed high significant difference of relaxing, observing and locomotion behaviour(P<0.01) and results between female and young of eating behaviour are similar(P<0.05). The results showed significant effect on male's observing behaviour when visitor density reached 6 per minute, and with the visitor density ascended, the highly significant effect always had on the male. The visitor density had significant effect on the observing behaviour of female (P<0.05). The different visitor density had significant effect on the behaviour of eating, observing, grooming with the young(P<0.05).(8) The average of expected H (Heterozygosity) and PIC (Polymorphism Information Content) in the zoo of sika deer were 0.441 and 0.332 respectively, and the values of observed H was 0.354. The gene differentiation value was 0.231. For the sika deer in the farm, the average of expected H and PIC were 0.372 and 0.303 respectively, and observed H was 0.300. The gene differentiation was 0.149.(9) The loci of TGLA53, BM4107 had significant or highly significant effect on the grooming behaviour, as well as 2AL2 locus on the observing behaviour, 2AL13 on the relaxing behaviour, BM6506 locus on the behaviour of ruminating and others, BL42 on the eating and relaxing and Mber14 on the behaviour of relaxing.(10)We detected the mutation of C→T at the 155bp site with primer P11 of BDNF, and mutation of G→A was founded at the site of 128bp with P12 primer. With the primer P21 of OPRK1 gene, the mutation of G→A was discovered at the site of 72bp and T→A at the 132bp site was taken out with the primer of P22.(11)The results showed that the SNP loci of BDNF gene had significant or high significant effect on the relaxing and moving(P<0.05, 0.01) with the primer P11. In the primer P12, the gene type of SNP had significant effect on the relaxing and observing(P<0.05). The results showed that the gene type of primer P21 had high significant effect on the grooming behaviour(P<0.01), and there had significant effect on the observing, relaxing and grooming behaviour with the primer of P22(P<0.01).(12)The eating frequency of farm was less than the zoo sika deer, but the ruminating and observing was more than the zoo. The maternal behaviour of zoo sika deer overmatched the farm. The visitor density had significant effect on the eating and observing behaviour of sika deer in the zoo. The 14 microsatellite loci were all in middle polymorphism, and the genetic diversity was just in high, 7 loci was significant correlation with the behaviour traits. The four primers of the BDNF and OPRK1 gene were all in disequilibrium state in the sika deer. We suggest that the BDNF and OPRK1 gene are worthy of being further studies as candidate genes having effects on the behaviour traits.
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