Studies On Investigation And Introduction Of Wild Ornamental Resources Of Gesneriaceae In Guangxi

There are about 150 gunes, 3 700 species in Gesneriaceae in the world, of which approximately 58 genus and 470 species distribute in China, and most of them are famous ornamental perennials with beautiful flowers and leaves, and can be cultivated as pot flowers and garden plants in warm regions. A lot of perfect horticultural varieties have been relased in many western developed countries, for example American, Canada, etc. But up to now almost all Chinese ornamental precious germplasm resources are still leaved in wild without sufficient researches on the breeding and horticultural culture. Some resources were seriously destroyed because of various factors. And the same time, researches of the ornamental resources of Gesneriaceae have been developed few so far. The mountainous areas from southwest to south in China are the very important areas of modern distributions and differentiation of Gesneriaceae plants. Guangxi is lying in the centre of these areas. The genus of which it owns of Gesneriaceae is the most in China. The diversities and richness of species in Gesneriaceae are very high degree in Guangxi. It is very great significance of systematic researches for ornamental resources of Gesneriaceae in Guangxi. 8 investigations on the wild Gesneriaceae were made in Guangxi successively from 2004. Based on the wild investigations in Guangxi, the researches were extended from the characteristic of botany in Gesneriaceae to the cultivation of introductions and domestication, reproduction technologies, relationship analysis of some species in Chirita, test of cross-breeding, etc. It has basically been established a relatively system for further industrialized operation. The results are included as follows:1. Through detail investigation of important distributions of Gesneriaceae plants in Guangxi, 33 genus and 132 species were found, of these 74 endemic species. 2 new species in Chirita, 1 new species in Lagarosolen, 1 new species in Petrocosmea, 1 variety in Chiritopsis, and one each new records of Boeica, Petrocosmea, Chiritopsis and Chirita. Based on full investigations and introduction of those plants, the comprehensive ornamental characteristics of 2 relatives'genus, Chirita and Chiritopsis, were evaluated. Further, 11 genus and 74 species were valuated by AHP. The evaluation system of ornamental resources of Gesneriaceae plants was firstly established. The results show that some genus, for example Chirita, Chiritopsis, Calcareoboea, Lagarosolen, Boea, Dolicholoma, Petrocosmea, Petrocodon,and Aeschynanthus, etc, and 36 species and 2 varieties, have a high ornamental value and potential for development. The performances of most species in Chirita are so perfect in the evaluation system. There are 27 species and 1 variety of development should be priority. In the course of that investigation, the distributions of most of Gesneriaceae plants are very narrow, populations of the number are small, and natural regeneration capacities are very weak. Some urgent protective measures should adopt as early as possibly.2. Based on the full investigation of Gesneriaceae plants in Guangxi, a set of technical system was found for introduction and domestication. 67 species in 11 genus, for example Chirita, Chiritopsis, Calcareoboea, Lagarosolen, Lysionotus, and Hemiboea, etc. were successfully introduced. The research results of photosynthesis of 35 species in Chirita showed that there was a clear distinction of the light compensation point (LCP) and light saturation point (LSP) according to the original habitats of different species. Compare with general shade-tolerance plants, the Compare with general shade-tolerance plants, the LCP, LSP and apparent quantum yield (φ) are lower that them. This results show the high degree adaptability in this kinds of plants to shade-environments. The LCP of C. mollifolia is the lowest, is only 0.57μmol·m-2·s-1, and the highest LSP in 35 species, of C. linearfolia is only 16.73μmol·m-2·s-1. The results of chlorophyll a, b content and their ratio show that almost all species in Chirita and other genus are highly resistant to the shade environments, because the ratio of the chlorophyll a and b in major portion of species in tested plants is about 2.3 besides few species. So, appropriate over-shade is very important in the procedure of introduction and domestication. At the same time this characteristic shows that the great potential is well qualified as development of indoor potted.3. The results of biological and botany physiology characters research showed that, genus Chirita for the C. eburnea, C. lutea, C. pseudoeburnea and C. gueilienensis ect, as well as Ornithoboea wildeanathe, best of soaking time of those species seeds is 16 hours, but the best of soaking time of Lysionotus pauciflorus seeds is only 8 hours. For all species, the temperature for seed germination is 25~30℃. Ranging between 0 and 200 mg·L-1, high concentration of GA is beneficial to germination for all species, and light can improve germination rate. In addition, GA can replace the effect of light during germinating. Take Chirita species as major materials, the breeding ways were studied. The results show that the survival rate of leaf cutting can reach 100% in those species with fleshy rosulate leaves. But the reproducing coefficient is low. This shortcoming makes it to be a general reproducing way only adapt to family. On study of tissue culture and regeneration, different species require to select different explants and disinfect time. The peddicel and enclosing tissue are the best suitable explant for initial culture, and are using two times of 0.1% Hgcl2 as best suitable sterilization way while the most optimal hormone rate in MS medium of sprouting to Chirita is NAA0.1 mg?L-1+6-BA0.1 mg?L-1, but the best to Chiritopsis is NAA0.1 mg?L-1+6-BA0.2 mg?L-1. Based on studying of transplantation ways for tissue culture container seedlings of 7 species in Chirita and 1 species in Chiritopsis, the results showed that the transplantations mixed medium which the proportion of peatmoss, vermiculite, perlite was 60%, 20% and 20% was the best, the best disinfect way was to use 800×Carbendazim to disinfect mix medium, and an opportune time is spring and autumn. The effect between different proportion of vermiculite, perlite, and peatmoss in mixed medium and different growth factors was showed that different species require selecting different proportion. It should select appropriate rate of substrate for perfect growth in different species. The mixed medium of peatmoss, vermiculite and perlite, which the proportion are 60%, 20% and 20% were proved suitable for C. eburnea and C. pungentisepala, which the proportion are 80%, 0% and 20%. A set of introduction, domestication and greenhouse potted technology system was founded on according to Chirita, including the propagation, environment control, prevention and cure of the plant diseases and insect pests.4. In order to establish the relationship of different species of Chirita, and to provide the evidence for the future crossbreeding in molecule, clustering of UPGMA analysis and AFLP analysis were done in 56 species of Chirita. The genetic relationship among these are some different of the materials of Chirita. The results showed that the 56 materials tested can be divided into 2 categories according to the Nei's genetic distance 0.56, 2 categories were divided in the Nei's genetic distance 0.585 again. The way of conservation in Liquid Nitrogen of pollen of Chirita is proved to be an excellent method based on the comparison of pollen germination experiments of fresh pollen and conserved in liquid nitrogen with different time for C. eburnea, C. fimbrisepala, C. yungfuensis and C. pungentisepala. After 16 weeks in liquid nitrogen, the germination rate of pollen of 4 Chirita species is still over 70%. Based on the analysis of relationship of different species in Chirita, some species were selected for crossbreeding, and the crossbreeds were successfully got. The results showed that it could be hybridized between different species in same genus, Chirita, and reproduced hybrid (F1) even if their relationship is distant in same genus. It will give an enough provide to cultivate more new varieties.To sum up, by cultivation of some ornamental genetic resource of Gesneriaceae from Guangxi, especially in Chirita, it offered theoretical basis on application of introduction, the domestication and commercial cultivation in the future of the wild Gesneriaceae, especially in Chirita. The test of crossbreeding and the analysis of AFLP may be favorable of confirming the relationship, selecting appropriate parents and the molecular makers assisted selections. The test of cross-compatibility displayed the huge potential ability in Chirita.