| The goose paramyxovirus (abbrev. as GPMV) infection outbreaks have occurred frequently since 1997 in China. The disease is featured by its high incidence and mortality of the poultry and has caused severe economic losses of goose industry. In 1999, a paramyxovirus designated as APMV-1 (NDV) isolate NA-1 was isolated from goose in Nong-An County, Jilin Province. NA-1 was identified to be a member of avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1) by genomic and serotype analyses and was characteristic of neurotropic and viscerotropic forms of velogenic viruse. Our prophase's research shows there are significant variation between NA-1 and the classic Newcastle disease virus, by comparison of epidemic survey, pathological changes, immunological characteristics and complete genome sequence. But our previous studies havn't elucidate clearly that APMV-1 caused epizootics in both chickens and geese in recent years. Variation in host specificity breaks the traditional theory that the waterfowls show strong resistance to APMV-1 infections and they act only as carriers of the virus. Viewing the initial and speed limit events of host-virus interactions, through exam of virus and host specificity from the perspective of virus receptors, we compare NA-1 receptor-type, receptor distribution in chicken and goose, and receptor binding ability to F48E9, to explain interspecies transmission of goose paramyxovirus. There are differences between NA-1 and F48E9 on early events of virus infection and morphogenetic observation. Two viruses have remarkable differences in morphology and plaque formation, during virus adsorption and virus-cell membrane Fusion.The type of Sia-Gal linkage in epithelial cells trachea and colons of chicken, goose and duck were detected using DIG Glycan Differentiation Kit, which have the two lectins MAA (specific for Siaα2-3Gal) and SNA (specific for Siaα2-6Gal) to distinguish the type of Sia-Gal linkage on sialylated N- and/or O-linked carbohydrate side chains respectively. The results show chicken colons and trachea epithelial cells have Siaα2-3Gal and Siaα2-6Gal, but goose and duck colons and trachea epithelial cells only has Siaα2-3Gal. The same method used analysis CEF, GEF and DUF cells, showed CEF have Siaα2-3Gal and Siaα2-6Gal, GEF and DEF has only Siaα2-3Gal. These results indicated Siaα2-3Gal and Siaα2-6Gal kinds of glycan have the interspecies specificity in chicken and waterfowl.In molecular level, to further explore the important role of ganglioside in virus recognition, CEF, GEF and DUF cells ganglioside were purified, characterized and quantified with Ladisch and Vance method, HPTLC, and thin layer scaning. The results showed that the CEF, GEF and DUF cells ganglioside composition were different. We performed a virus overlay assay and hemadsorption assays to assess the binding specificity of NA-1 and F48E9 to different gangliosides. The broad variety of gangliosides which NA-1 and F48E9 bind to was confirmed. NA-1 mainly bind to GD1a, F48E9 mainly bind to GM1, GD1a, GD1b. The results show that two viruses used different receptor when entry difference target cell.To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of transmission of NA-1 between chicken and goose, NA-1 and F48E9 viruses binding properties to sialic acid-containing carbohydrates were characterized by the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method. Kinetic analysis showed different binding preferences to gangliosides between NA-1 and F48E9 viruses. Our findings demonstrated the remarkable distinction in the binding kinetics of sialic acid-containing carbohydrates on the lipid bilayer between NA-1 and F48E9 viruses.In this research, systemic virus receptor identification and compare method was used to identify the difference of NDV and goose paramyxovirus. In virus receptor aspect, elucidated the molecular mechanisms of transmission of goose paramyxovirus from chicken to goose.
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