| Wild soybean(Glycine soja Sieb.et Zucc.) is an annual legumous plant,which is widely distributed in China,Korea,Japan and the far eastern area of Russia.China is the main distribution country of wild soybean,with 90%of total distribution area all over the world.Wild soybean is considered to be the progenitor of soybean(Glycine max(L) Merr.). Wild soybean has been thought to be an important genetic resource with rare characters,for example,wide adaptability,abundant in ecotypes,high-protein and strong resistance.The cultivated type of soybean has been used as forage crop for a long time,but there are few reports on the forage properties of wild soybean.To better understand the growth pattern and forage performance of wild soybean and to develop and utilize wild soybean resources scientifically,the study on forage performance of wild soybean was conducted.The results were as follows:Eight wild soybean ecotypes collected from different growth environments were studied for plant morphological traits,yield and nutritive value.The results showed that the difference of wild soybean ecotypes in plant morphological traits,yield and nutritive value was mainly caused by the types of growth environment.There were no significant differences among different ecotypes in the same environment type.The wild soybean ecotypes in the environment typeâ…¡had higher total heritage yield,leaf yield,stem yield, pod yield and crude protein(CP) concentration for than those in other environment types. The neutral detergent fiber(NDF) and acid detergent fiber(ADF) concentrations for wild soybean ecotypes in the environment typeâ…¡were the lowest,and ecotypes in environment typeⅣ＞typeâ… ï¼žtypeⅢ＞typeâ…¡.The plant morphological traits,yield and nutritive value of wild soybean ecotypes changed with different growth environments, planting years and harvest dates indicated wild soybean had good adaptability and plasticity.The plant morphological traits of wild soybean could affect its yield and quality,the effects of plant morphological traits of 8 wild soybean ecotypes on their yield and quality were analyzed with correlation analysis and path coefficient analysis.The results showed the yield of the wild soybean ecotypes with more leaf numbers was higher than those with fewer leaves.The correlation between leaf numbers of wild soybean ecotypes and CP concentration was significantly positive,the direct path coefficient and indirect path coefficient between leaf numbers of wild soybean ecotypes and CP concentration were both positive and great.These analysis results meant the CP concentration of wild soybean ecotypes with more leaves was higher than those with fewer leaves.The correlation between leaf length of wild soybean and the ADF concentration was positive,the direct path coefficient and indirect path coefficient between leaf length of wild soybean ecotypes and ADF concentration were both positive and great,this showed ADF concentration of the wild soybean ecotypes with long leaves was high.The node number and internode length positively correlated with NDF concentration,the direct path coefficient and indirect path coefficient between node number and internode length of wild soybean ecotypes and NDF concentration were both positive and great,the NDF concentration of the wild soybean ecotypes with more node numbers and long internode length was higher than those with fewer nodes and short internodes.The growth,development and forage production performance of wild soybean were affected by the ecotypes and planting dates.Eight different wild soybean ecotypes were studied to determine the effects of ecotypes and planting dates on growth,development, yield and nutritive value of wild soybean.The results indicated the forage production performance of all wild soybean ecotypes tested in this trail was good.Average dry matter yields were from 2.2 to 4.1 t hm-2;average CP concentration was 137.1 g kg-1 and relative feed value(RFV) was 147 for three planting dates.The growth and development of wild soybean was significantly affected by the planting dates,the later the wild soybean was planted,the shorter the days needed for emergency were and the more the plants for per acreage were.The planting dates also affected the vegetative growth stage,reproductive growth stage and whole growth stage of wild soybean,both of vegetative and whole growth stages of wild soybean became longer with delay of planting dates,there was a significant linear regression between the vegetative growth stage and whole growth stage.There were no consistent changes of the reproductive growth stages of wild soybean with the delay of planting dates.The linear regression was significant between the rate of growth and development of wild soybean ecotypes and the accumulated growth degree day(GDD) at vegetative stages,the results showed the effects of environment temperature and heating unit on the growth and development of wild soybean ecotypes.Temperature is one of the most important factors that affect growth and development of crops.Study on the effects of temperature and heating unit on the growth and development of wild soybean could help to optimize its forage production.Effect of planting date on leaf appearance rates(LAR) of wild soybean and soybean cultivar[Glycine max(L) Merr]were studied in this experiment.The results indicated that the leaf numbers of wild soybean and soybean cultivar were both significantly linear regressed with GDD, and all determination coefficients(R2) of linear regression functions were very high,these functions could be used to predict the leaf growth of wild soybean and soybean cultivar. LAR significantly differed between wild soybean and:soybean cultivar,LAR of soybean cultivar was higher than that of wild soybean,the GDD needed by soybean cultivar to reach 30 leaves was 300 and 350℃·day in 2004 and 2005 lower than that needed by wild soybean.Because LAR of wild soybean and soybean cultivar were affected by temperature, the different planting dates would cause the changes of temperature or GDD,the planting date could affect the LAR of wild soybean and soybean cultivar.With the delay of planting date from 20 April to 20 June,the LAR of wild soybean increased,but the LAR of soybean cultivar decreased.The growth,development and dry matter accumulation of three wild soybean ecotypes and two soybean cultivars were studied.The results showed wild soybean could potentially produce more forages than soybean cultivars.The wild soybean matured later than soybean cultivars.At the later growth stage,the two year average main stem length of wild soybean was 73 cm longer than that of soybean cultivars,the leaf,stem and whole plant yields of wild soybean were 54.3,86.1 and 22.6%higher than those of soybean cultivars,but the flower-pod yields of soybean cultivars were 6.4 times more than those of wild soybean, the lower flower-pod yields of wild soybean ecotypes would affect the quality of whole plant herbage.There was no difference in growth and development stages,morphological traits and dry matter accumulation between two soybean cultivars,but the differences in characteristics of growth and development and dry matter accumulation were significant among the wild soybean ecotypes.The leaf,stem and whole plant yields of wild soybean ecotype FJW-9 originated from the low attitude area were significantly higher than ecotype HLW-18 originated from the high attitude area and local ecotype SDW-12,the flower-pod yield of FJW-9 was lower than that of HLW-18 or SDW-12.The main stem length and node number of main stem of FJW-9 were longer and more than of HLW-18 or SDW-12,the ecotype FJW-9 also matured later than HLW-18 and SDW-12.The susceptibility of ecotype FJW-9 to lodging was higher than HLW-18 and SDW-12. Total herbage yield and CP concentration of wild soybean herbage changing with delaying the harvest date could be estimated by functions.Total herbage yields were greatest from 145 to 155d after planting and CP concentration of herbage reached the second highest peak within from150 to 155d after planting.The leaf weights increased with the delaying harvesting time,the leaf weights harvested in latter date were 16 times higher than those harvested in earlier date;Defoliation of wild soybean decreased its herbage yields.The herbage yields of two soybean cultivars were 55.7,36.4 and 34.6%greater than those of wild soybean ecotypes at full-blooming,podding and mature stages,respectively; Although leaf/stem ratio of soybean cultivars was higher than that of wild soybean ecotypes at full blooming stage,the leaf/stem ratios of wild soybean ecotypes were higher than those of soybean cultivars both at podding stage and mature.The in vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDMD)of wild soybean whole plant was greater than soybean cultivars,but the CP concentration of wild soybean was lower than soybean cultivars.Both of IVDMD and CP concentration in wild soybean leaf and stem were higher than those of soybean cultivars;the NDF and ADF concentrations in wild soybean whole plant,leaf and stem were lower than soybean cultivars.The harvest stages affected the yields and nutritive values of wild soybean and soybean cultivars,the highest yields were harvested at podding stage,the herbage yields for soybean cultivars and wild soybean ecotypes were 7.25and 5.32Mgha-1,respectively.For soybean and wild soybean,the leaf yields decreased but the stem yields increased with delaying harvest stage;the IVDMD of whole plant harvested at mature was significantly lower than those at full-blooming and podding stages(p＜0.05;the highest CP concentration in whole plant harvested at podding stage was 20.4%,it was 13.8 and 32.6%higher than those in whole plant harvested at full bloom and mature stages;the IVDMD and CP concentrations of leaf and stem decreased with increasing maturity, full-blooming stage＞podding stage＞mature stage,NDF and ADF concentrations in whole plant,leaf and stem increased with the increasing maturity.Contrast of yields of whole plant,leaf and stem among different wild soybean ecotypes,there was a constant tendency as follows:FJW-9＞SDW-12＞HLW-18.The nutritive value of different wild soybean ecotypes were compared,the IVDMD and CP concentration of whole plant,leaf and stem were FJW-9＞SDW-12＞HLW-18,NDF and ADF concentrations in whole plant,leaf and stem were HLW-18＞SDW-12＞FJW-9.Fertilizer is the important nutrient basis for forage crop growth and development, fertilizer application has the potential to increase forage,crop productivity and to improve the forage quality.The study showed the effect of N,P and K fertilizer on the wild soybean yield and CP concentration was different.The increase in total herbage yield of wild soybean was the highest with N fertilizer application,the P fertilizer application followed and the lowest with K fertilizer application.The CP concentration of total herbage was highest with N application,K fertilizer application followed and the lowest with P application.The total herbage yield of wild soybean with P application was higher than that with K application,but CP concentration in total herbage of wild soybean with P application was lower than that with K application.The effects of N and K application on wild soybean leaf yields were greater than that of P application,there were no significant difference in effects on leaf CP concentration between P and K application,leaf CP concentration of wild soybean with N application at 75kg hm-2 application rate was higher than with P or K application.The fertilizer application could increase stem yield,the increase in stem yields of wild soybean with P application was the highest,followed by N application and the lowest with K application.The stem CP concentration was improved by P application,N and K application might lower the stem CP concentration.Fertilizer application has the potential to improve the wild soybean productivity,but the effects of different fertilizers and combination of different fertilizers on wild soybean yield and quality were different.This study was to determine the effects of single and combined fertilizer application on the growth and development,yield and quality of wild soybean.The results indicated both single and combined fertilizer application could increase wild soybean dry matter yield.The 34.5%of average yield of wild soybean was increased by single fertilizer application compared with no fertilizer application.The combined fertilizer application increased the yield of wild soybean by 77.3%.The wild soybean yield was increased by 48.2,31.7 and 23.5%,respectively,when P,N and K fertilizer were single applied.The yields of wild soybean with N,P and K fertilizer combined application and N and P fertilizer combined application were 104.6 and 93.2% higher than those in control.The fertilizer application could increase the canopy height and main stem length of wild soybean,the canopy height of wild soybean applied with P or K fertilizer was 11.3 and 11cm higher than that applied with N,respectively,the main stem length of wild soybean applied with P or K was 27.3 and 25.3cm longer than that applied with N.The P and K combined application or N,P and K combined application could increase the canopy height and main stem length.There was no significant difference in CP concentration of wild soybeans between single-applied with N,P or K and no fertilizer applied at budding and flowering stages,but CP concentration of wild soybean single -applied with fertilizer was significantly higher than no fertilizer applied at pod-setting stage.The NDF and ADF concentration of wild soybean single-applied with N,P or K were not significantly different with control at three growth stages.The combined fertilizer application increased CP concentration of wild soybean herbage and decreased NDF and ADF concentration,CP concentration in herbage of wild soybean applied with combined fertilizer was 21%higher than that of control,NDF and ADF concentration in herbage of wild soybean applied with combined fertilizer were 12.02%and 11.05%lower than that of control.The growth,development and yield of wild soybean grown in monocropping and intercropping with sudangrass[Sorghum sudanense(Piper)Stapf.L.]and teosinte (Euchlaena mexicana Schrader.L.) were studied.The results indicated that total herbage yield,leaf yield and stem yield of monocropping wild soybean were higher than those of intercropping wild soybean at the early growth stage,but the intercropping wild soybean were higher than monocropping wild soybean at the later stage.Leaf area index(LAI),crop growth rate(CGR),net assimilated rate(NAR) and specific leaf area(SLA) of monocropping wild soybean were higher than those of intercropping wild soybean at early stage,but were lower than those of intercropping wild soybean at later stage;There was no significant difference in leaf to stem ratio(L/S) between monocropping and intercropping wild soybean during the whole growth period.Total herbage yield,leaf yield,and stem yield of wild soybean intercropped with sudangrass were higher than those intercropped with teosinte.At the middle growth stage,LAI,CGR and SLA of wild soybean intercropped with sudangrass were significantly higher than those intercropped with teosinte,but there were no significant difference in LA/,CGR and SLA of wild soybean between two intercrops at the early or later stage.The NAR and L/S of wild soybean were not significantly different between intercropping with sudangrass and teosinte during the whole growth period.The growth,development and yield of wild soybean monocropped or intercropped could be evaluated by the regression functions,the determination coefficients of all functions were higher.The yield of intercrops between wild soybean and sudangrass was significantly higher than that of monocropping wild soybean.Wild soybean intercropping with sudangrass was less mature than that of monocropping.Intercropped wild soybean had 10%more CP concentrations and 7.2%higher IVDMD than monocropping wild soybean,but ADF,NDF and acid detergent lignin(ADL) concentrations in intercropped wild soybean were 13%, 18.1and 25.7%lower than those in monocropping wild soybean.The twined plant part of wild soybean on the top were more affected than the untwined part on the base by intercropping,stem yields of wild soybean were more affected than leaf yield by intercropping,and the leaf and stem yields of twined plant part on the top were affected more than the untwined plant part on the base by intercropping.The plant numbers per square meters of wild soybean intercropping with sudangrasss were significantly higher than those with teosinte.The dry matter yields and crude protein yields of intercrops of wild soybean intercropping with sudangrass were higher than those of intercrops of wild soybean intercropping with teosinte.The plant numbers per square meters of wild soybean were not affected by the cereal seeding rate,but the cereal plant numbers per square meters increased with their increasing,seeding rates.Dry matter yield and crude protein yield of intercrops were increased by the sowing rate of cereal increased.The advantages of Intercropping sudangrass with wild soybean were dependent on the intercropping configuration and the sowing rates of sudangrass.The results were as follows:The effects of intercropping configuration on dry matter yields of intercrop components were significant,1×1＞2×2＞4×4.The land equivalent ratio(LER) of intercrops ranged from 1.02 to 1.19 on a dry matter yield basis and from 1.05 to 1.32 on a protein yield basis,indicating a production advantage of sudangrass-wild soybean intercropping. The LER of sudangrass in intercropping ranged from 0.54 to 0.66 on a dry matter yield basis and from 0.55 to 0.82 on a protein yield basis,the LER of wild soybean in intercropping ranged from 0.48 to 0.53 on a dry matter yield basis and from 0.36 to 0.49 on a protein yield basis,indicating a growth advantage of sudangrass over wild soybean in intercropping.The dry matter yields and LER on a dry matter yield basis of sudangrass and intercropping combined forage yields were increased with sudangrass sowing rate increased, but the dry matter yields and LER on a dry matter yield of wild soybean were decreased at the same time.With increasing sudangrass sowing rate,CP concentration and LER on a protein yield basis of sudangrass,wild soybean and sudangrass-wild soybean were all increased.
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