| The paper concerning the spatial pattern of the forest,as well as the assessment of the forest in the Yellow River basin of Shandong Province is the breakthrough in the field of traditional monitoring and assessment mode of forest resources.The new method is like this:small amount of investigation data of ground plots is used,with the technology of remote sensing and geographical information system,as well as mathematical and physical theories,to establish the prediction model of canopy density and volume of the forest with pixel as the basic unit;the model is applied to make an analysis of the quantity, quality,structure and ecology of the forest resources and their assessment.The purpose of the paper is to make the forest ecological system of the basin in balance and provide the scientific basis for exerting the best function of the ecological,economy and social benefits.In the paper,two periods(2000 and 2006) of TM/ETM+ remote sensing images with similar temporal were selected as the basic data sources,378 sample points were collected with the method of typical and random sampling by GPS and the total station.With the help of the statistical analysis software like MATLAB,SPSS,SAS and Microsoft Office EXCEL,as well as the tools for modeling and spatial analysis like ERDAS,ArcGIS and Fragstats,some methods were applied to study the spatial pattern and the landscape pattern of the forest in the Yellow River basin of Shandong Province,and a comprehensive assessment of forest resources spatial distribution was made as well.The methods included principal component analysis,multi-element linear regression,spatial overlay analysis,fuzzy mathematical method,analytic hierarchy process,and linear programming.The main research conclusions were as follow:Firstly,the forest coverage in the paper site was 21.4%in 2000,and 25.6%in 2006 by the methods of supervised classification,non-supervised classification and expert classification.During these 6 years, metastasis rate of forestland was highest,and most of the forestland transformed into cropland and construction land.In the decrement of barren hills suitable for afforestation,21%of it transformed into forestland,and 11%into cropland.In the decrement of cropland,12%of it transfered into forestland.It was obvious that the barren hills and lands had been transformed with lots of efforts.Therefore,the national policy of conversion of cropland to forest began to exert obvious effect.By the method of principal component analysis and multi-element linear regression,the model could predict the increment of forest volume from 12770000m~3 to 13260000m~3 from the year of 2000 to 2006.In 2000, the volumes of middle-age forest and young forest took 82%and 7%respectively.While in 2006,the volume of young forest increased a lot,reaching 35%,and the volume of middle-age forest took only 50%.The forest volume that distributed above the height of 200m in the basin only took 14%,while the forest volume in the plain area could reach as high as 86%.There was no drastic gradient change of the height during these 6 years.Secondly,the software of Fragstats was used to estimate and analyze 21 symbolized indexes of the forest landscape.The results were as follow:the plaque are of cropland took the highest part in the Yellow River basin of Shandong Province,with 48%of the total basis area,and in the second place,the forestland took 26%,and then,the construction land occupied 13%;in the forest landscape,the patch area of barren hills and land suitable for afforestation took the largest part,while shrubs took the smallest part;the patchs of broad-leaved forest and coniferous forest were with the highest patch number and density;the shrubs were with the highest average patch area,while the patchs of the economic forest were with the lowest;the broadleaved forest and coniferous forest were with the highest landscape fragmentation indexes,while the shrubs with the lowest;the barren hills and lands suitable for afforestation were with the best connectivity.During these 6 years,the landscape index of the barren hills and lands suitable for afforestation,as well as the broad-leaved forest changed most obviously,among which the patchs of the barren hills and lands reduced by nearly two times,with high rise of the connectivity and the unit area.The patch number of the broad-leaved forest increased by nearly 50%,and the average area of patchs decreased greatly.All in all,the forest landscape in Yellow River basin of Shandong Province had been improved a lot,however,the characteristics of its landscape were as follows:low forest coverage,large proportion of the barren hills and lands,high degree of landscape fragmentation of forests,severe soil loss and unstable forest ecological system.Thirdly,analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy mathematical analysis were used to study on the spatial pattern of the forest in the basin.The paper showed that the forest resources distributed unevenly: the forest coverage of Jinan,Tai'an and Laiwu was over 30%,while the percentage of the barren hills and lands was over 10%.However,the forest coverage of other 7 cities were only 15%.In the aspect of spatial pattern,Tai'an was the best,Jinan and Laiwu were good,while Zibo,Binzhou,Heze,Dongying and Dezhou were just so-so,Jining and Liaocheng were the worst.During the 6 years,the assessment of Tai'an changed from good to excellent,Jinan and Laiwu got the high remarks,and however,Jinan tended to develop well while Laiwu tended to go to the other direction.Although Zibo,Binzhou,Heze, Dongying and Dezhou did not get the good standard,but the development trend seemed to be better.In addition,the forest spatial patterns of Jining and Liaocheng were not good enough.Finally,linear programming method was used to do optimal allocation and reform on the forest species of the barren hills and lands in the basin.The result was like this:there was obvious improvement in forest volume per unit area,percentage of forestlands,percentage of mixed woods, percentage of economic forest,as well as the forest category structure.The standard of the forest spatial pattern resources changed from moderate to good.Paper innovative as followed:(1) the generalized 3S integrated technology was applied to do quantitative and dynamic research on the whole of forest spatial pattern and landscape.The research results will be significant to the forest management,as well as the control of the Yellow River in the region of Shandong Province.(2) the paper did quantitative estimation on the forest volume,canopy density on the basis of the relevant factors regarding the TM/ETM+ remote sensing images.The analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy mathematical analysis were used to do comprehensive assessment of the forest resources,forest landscape ecology,environment and social economy.(3) the paper did optimal allocation of the barren hills and lands,as well as the forest category structure in the Yellow River basin of Shandong Province.Under the condition of no change of forest coverage,the optimal allocation could improve the forest spatial pattern greatly,ecological,social and economic benefits as well.Therefore,this research method of the paper has certain theoretical significance and practical value. |
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