| Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe) is a kind of important economical crops, because it is a kind of significant seasoning that is used in people's daily life, a type of traditional foodstuff and medicinal materials, major industrial raw materials and pungent spice. Ginger is a sort of specialty vegetables and traditional export products with more than 2000-years culture history in China, so China is the primary ginger production and export country in the world. Aimed at the problems existed in ginger fertilization, this paper studied the effect of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) application on different kind of cultivar ginger growth, dry matter accumulation, nutrient uptake and distribution and response of ginger rhizome yield to fertilization, especially the special effectiveness component such as the essential oils and gingierone in the primary ginger production region with pot experiment, special sand cultivation and field trial. The main results were as follows:1. The appropriate application rates of N, P and K could effectively promote the growth of different kinds of ginger cultivars, and ginger plant height, stem diameter, the number of branches, the son-ginger number and the weight of single ginger rhizome all showed a significant increases. Dry matter weight of stems, leaves and ginger rhizome for the treatment of medium fertilization N450, P120 and K450 increased significantly, and bioaccumulation amount in total ginger plant elevated greatly. Appropriate N application combined with K like N300K150 and N375K450 was beneficial for ginger growth, and the accumulation of dry matter was increased.2. There was an obvious effect of different N, P and K application rates on N, P, K concentration of stem, leaf, rhizome and total ginger plant in each growth period, the uptake and accumulation of nutrient and distribution increased greatly. Ginger in the treatments of moderate fertilizer application rate of N450, P120 and K450 had a higher N, P and K concentration, which resulted in the increase amount of nutrient uptake and accumulation. There was a significant difference of nutrient element in every parts for two different ginger cultivars, such as N,P,K,Ca,Mg,Zn and so on.3. There was a significant response of N, P and K application rates to ginger rhizome yield. An appropriate fertilizer application rate could promote effectively the growth of ginger and increase significantly the yield of ginger rhizome. It showed that the yield-increasing effect of N fertilizer application rate was slightly higher than the one of K, while that of N and K were much higher than the one of P. Among different N, P and K application rate treatments, N450, P120 and K450 of moderate application rates reached the highest ginger rhizome yield, and there was a very significant quadratic parabola relationship between the yield and fertilizer application rates. Fertilizer utilization efficiency, including agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery efficiency of N and P, all decreased with the increases of N and P application rates, while the utilization efficiency of K fertilizer reached the highest for treatment K450 of medium K application ratesFor different ginger cultivars, there was a bigger difference of fertilizer demand of every unit ginger rhizome yield. For sparse-planting cultivar ginger, the lion-head ginger, the demand amount of every 1000 kg rhizome yield was about 7.6kg, 0.9kg and 10kg, K higher than N, and the ratio of N∶P∶K 8∶1∶1 1, while for close-planting cultivar ginger--Chai ginger, the one of demand 5.6kg, 0.8kg and 5.6kg, the proportion of N and K2O was close, and N∶P∶K being 7∶1∶7. Appropriate proportion application of N combined with K of N300K150 and N375K450 could increase remarkably the yield of ginger rhizome.4. There was a close correlation between the application rates of N, P and K fertilizer rates and nutrient quality indices of ginger rhizome, including the content of rough protein, vitamin C, reducing sugar and total soluble sugar, while it also shown differently with every growth period. After applying appropriate N, P and K of N450, P120 and K450, including a suitable N application combined with K of N300K150 and N375K450, the nutrient quality was improved which shown the content of rough protein, vitamin C, reducing sugar and total soluble sugar increased significantly. The rough protein content at later stage showed a significant quadratic curve relationship with N and P application rates, the same as the content of vitamin C in ginger rhizome at each stage with fertilization rates, the concentration of reducing sugar and total soluble with N application rates.5. There was a significant difference between the nitrate and nitrite content in ginger rhizome and the harvest time at different stages. In total, the nitrate content in ginger rhizome presented a single-peak curve, that of nitrite a double-peak curve. N application would obviously increase the concentration of nitrate and nitrite in ginger rhizome, however, for the treatment of N225 with a lower N application rate and N450 with medium N rate, the nitrate and nitrite content in ginger rhizome at different stages increased slightly compared with the control of N0 without N application, while for the N675 and N900 treatments of excessive N application rates, the nitrate content rose dramatically which indicated that excessive N application rates would significantly increase the content of nitrate and nitrite in ginger rhizome decreased the safe and edible quality. There was a significant positive correlation between the nitrate and nitrite content and N application rate, but the correlation between the concentration of nitrate and trite with P and K application rates shown a negative tendency which shown a suitable K and P application of K450 and P120 could significantly decrease the content of nitrate and nitrite..6. The application of appropriate N, P and K rates could elevate the content of volatile essential oil and gingierone in ginger rhizome at harvest stage, and improve their quality of nutrient and taste. For N450 and P120 treatments of moderate fertilizer application rates, the content of volatile essential oil and gingierone increased greatly, however excessive N application rates N900 treatment would result in a decrease of volatile essential oils in ginger rhizome. The different K fertilizer application rate could all promote the content of volatile essential oil and gingierone significantly, especially the treatment of about the application of medium K rate in K450, K225 and K675. There was a significant quadratic curve relationship between the content of volatile essential oil and gingierone and fertilizer application rates. Effect of N application rates on the content of volatile essential oil and gingierone in ginger rhizome was significant, than the potassium and phosphorus.
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