| Professor Liu Jingyuan is a well-known expert in warm diseases treatment. He wrote 8 books including Liu Jingyuan’s Lecture Notes of Warm Diseases, Popular Speech of the De-tailed Differentiation of Warm Diseases, Analysis of Classics in Warm Diseases, and pub-lished over 70 academic papers. He has spent 46 years in teaching, clinical work and research in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Prof. Liu was studying in Beijing College of Chinese Medicine (now Beijing University of Chinese Medicine). During college years, he attended the courses given by famous experts like Zhu Chenyu, Liu Duzhou, Wang Mianzhi, Chen Shide, Zhou Xinyou and Yin Huihe, which laid a solid foundation in TCM. He became a teacher in his school after he graduated in 1969, and he taught the courses of the basic theo-ries of TCM, the diagnostics of TCM, Chinese medical formulas, warm diseases and Chinese internal medicine, etc. In his courses, he quoted copiously from many sources and explained profound theories in simple words, which made his very popular among students.Prof. Liu has extensive reading experience and knowledge. Clinically, he is adept in finding the main symptoms, differentiating the mechanism of the diseases and compositing formulas regardless of their schools or parties. This paper had a research from three aspects of the origin of Prof. Liu’s academic thoughts, his main academic thoughts and the prescription and medication rules of Prof. Liu Jingyuan’s treatment of chest impediment and heart pain, and also summarized his clinical experience.Part 1-The origin of Prof. Liu Jingyuan’s academic thoughtsFirstly, the biographical experience of Liu Jingyuan and his major works were intro-duced. And then the origin of his academic thoughts and the formation of his clinical experi-ence were teased out from three respects of "studying from masters, inheriting and innovat-ing", "reading classics intensively and being flexible and adaptable" and "brainstorming and absorbing others’experience widely". Finally, the summary of his academic features was presented.Part 2-The summary of Prof. Liu Jingyuan’s academic thoughts and clinical experienceFirstly, the paper gave an overview of Prof. Liu Jingyuan’s academic thoughts. Then it summarized his academic experience and clinical characteristics from theories of warm dis-eases and clinical experience.One aspect was the academic thoughts of warm diseases. Prof. Liu Jingyuan’s theories and characteristics of his treatment in warm diseases were analyzed from both aspects of warm heat diseases and damp heat diseases. In terms of warm heat diseases, he thought that the core of pattern differentiation of defensive qi and nutrient blood was pattern differentia-tion of qi and blood. And he claimed that defensive qi and nutrient blood should be analyzed to differentiate the pattern and treatment of warm heat diseases, during whose process open-ing the outward passage of evil qi should be emphasized. In terms of the treatment differentia-tion of damp heat diseases, pattern differentiation of triple energizer should be applied. And he was good at using elimination and discharge method.The other aspect was the summary of treatment differentiation of common diseases, dif-ficult and complicated diseases. Prof. Liu Jingyuan’s theoretical understanding and pattern differentiation and treatment experience of 12 diseases (stomach duct pain, chest impediment, functional constipation, diarrhea, cough and asthma, insomnia, lithangiuria, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, hyperplasia of mammary glands, recurrent mouth ulcers and acne)Part 3-Research on the prescription and medication rules of Prof. Liu Jingyuan’s treat-ment differentiation of chest impediment and heart pain based on data mining.279 cases that were diagnosed definitively as chest impediment and heart pain, also with significant therapeutic effect according to Prof. Liu’s diagnosis and treatment were selected. Then Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance Support System (V2.5) was applied to con-duct statistical analysis and data mining on medical cases so as to summarize Prof. Liu Jingyuan’s TCM pattern differentiation and treatment characteristics, and prescription and medication rules of treating chest impediment and heart pain. The research found that:(1) Frequency analysis showed that 19 Chinese herbs were commonly used by Prof. Liu Jingyuan in treating chest impediment and heart pain:Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle, Ramulus Cinnamomi, Rhizoma Pinelliae Concisum, Bulbus Allii Macrostemi, Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Radix Codonopsis, Poria (or Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis), Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus, Pericarpium Trichosanthis (or Fructus Trichosanthis), Flos Carthami, Radix Ophiopogonis, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis, Semen Armeniacae Amarum, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (or fried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Fructus Amomi, Lignum Santali Albi and Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae. The herbs are mostly pungent and warm, and enter spleen, lung, stomach, heart, and liver meridian.(2) 10 key herbs were summarized from Liu’s treatment differentiation of chest impedi-ment and heart pain through analysis of medication pattern and key herbs and they were Ra-dix Codonopsis, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle, Ramulus Cinnamomi, Rhizoma Pinelliae Concisum, Bulbus Allii Macrostemi, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus, Poria, Rhizoma Chuanxiong and Radix Ophiopogonis, which was consistent with the results of "medication frequency analysis". It was found that Liu usu-ally applied both the unblocking and tonifying method in the treatment of chest impediment and heart pain according to medication pattern analysis. When it came to unblocking, Ramulus Cinnamomi was used to activating heart yang; Rhizoma Pinelliae Concisum and Bulbus Allii Macrostemi were used to resolve phlegm and remove the turbid; Aurantii Immaturus and Rhizoma Chuanxiong were used to motivate qi and blood. And in terms of tonification, Radix Codonopsis, Radix Ophiopogonis, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Radix Astragali and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle, etc. were used to fortify the spleen and replenish qi, as well as to tonify yin and engender fluid.(3) Association analysis found that among Radix Codonopsis, Radix Ophiopogonis, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis; Pericarpium Trichosanthis (or Fructus Trichosanthis), Bulbus Allii Macrostemi, Rhizoma Pinelliae Concisum; Pericarpium Trichosanthis (or Fructus Trichosanthis), Ramulus Cinnamomi, Rhizoma Pinelliae Concisum; Rhizoma Chuanxiong and Flos Carthami, four herbs in the composition were highly related to herbs out of the composition, which implied that Prof. Liu Jingyuan often used the treatment method of tonifying heart qi, dispersing and unblocking yang qi in the clinical pattern-differentiation treatment of chest impediment and heart pain. It also showed that he emphasized the academic thoughts of the deficient root of chest impediment and heart pain pattern. Meanwhile, he did well in using Fructus Trichosanthis (or Pericarpium Trichosanthis), Rhizoma Pinelliae Concisum, Rhizoma Chuanxiong and Flos Carthami to eliminate phlegm and resolve the tur-bidity, activate blood and resolve stasis, which reflected Liu’s prescription and medication feature which was his emphasis on the elimination of the external excess from the perspective of phlegm-turbidity and static blood.(4) Through unsupervised hierarchical entropy analysis of new prescription,28 core compositions (or new prescription) were excavated. Among them, there were the phlegm-resolving and the turbid removing formula of Caulis Bambusae in Taenia, Semen Coicis, Arisaema cum Bile and Herba Agastachis; lung-purging and panting-calming formula of Semen Lepidii, Herba Lycopi, Polyporus, Radix et Rhizoma Asteris, Cortex Mori, Herba Ephedrae and Pheretima, or Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata cum Melle, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Flos Carthami, Radix et Rhizoma Asteris, Cortex Mori and Pheretima; acidity inhibiting, qi-moving and pain-relieving formula of Endoconcha Sepiae, Fructus Evodiae, forged Concha Arcae and Pericarpium Arecae, or Endoconcha Sepiae, fried Radix Paeoniae Alba, Fructus Evodiae and Rhizoma Coptidis; liver-soothing, qi-regulating and depression-resolving formula of Radix Paeoniae Alba, Semen Armeniacae Amarum, Ra-dix Angelicae Sinensis, Radix Bupleuri, Herba Menthae and Rhizoma Cyperi; qi-fortifying and yin-tonifying formula involving Radix Ophiopogonis, fried Radix Paeoniae Alba, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis, Radix Codonopsis and Radix et Rhizoma Rhodiolae Crenulatae; kidney-enriching and liver-pacifying formula of Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata, Fructus Corni, Fructus Ligustri Lucidi and Colla Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis, or Radix Scutellariae, Radix Cyathulae, Herba Leonuri, Semen Cassiae, Rhizoma Gastrodiae; spleen-fortifying and diarrhea-checking formula of fried Rhizoma Dioscoreae, Semen Nelumbinis seed, Halloysitum Rubrum, Caulis Dendrobii and fried Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae; heat-clearing and throat-soothing formula of Radix Platycodonis, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae, white Flos Chrysanthemi and Fructus Arctii; wind-dispersing and pain-relieving formula involving Rhizoma Ligustici, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Rhizoma Gastrodiae, Radix et Rhizoma Asari and stings of Gleditsia sinensis Lam, etc.(5) Frequency analysis of syndromic types showed that Prof. Liu often divided chest impediment and heart pain into several syndromic types including chest-yang obstruction, blood-stasis obstructing collaterals, deficiency of qi and yin, hypo-activity of chest yang, phlegm-dampness retention and so on, among which chest-yang obstruction, blood-stasis ob-structing collaterals, deficiency of qi and yin were the most common ones.(6) Medicine-syndrome-symptom network analysis showed that Prof. Liu’s medication had a significant corresponds to the main symptoms and syndromic types of patients, such as oppression in the chest, precordial pain, labored breathing, shortness of breath, knotted and intermittent pulse, white thick tongue coating, etc.→ chest-yang obstruction syndrome→-Ramulus Cinnamomi, Rhizoma Pinelliae Concisum, Bulbus Allii Macrostemi, Pericarpium Trichosanthis, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus, Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Flos Carthami, Lignum Santali Albi, Fructus Amomi and Semen Armeniacae Amarum, etc. were of close relation. However, TCM syndromes were always combined, and the effects of the medicine were various. Therefore, the correspondent relation among "medicine-syndrome-symptom" was not linear but in a form of complicated network.According to the data results of the six aspects above, the paper analyzed and discussed from the aspects of "the origin of the diseases’name", "etiology and pathogenesis", "treat-ment method and formulas", summarized academic thoughts and prescription and medication rules of Liu’s treatment of chest impediment and heart pain:(1) The disease patterns:Chest impediment involves heart pain with the disease location in the heart. It is relevant with lung, spleen (stomach), kidney, liver, etc. The disease pattern not only includes coronary heart disease and angina pectoris in the western medicine, but also involves other disease patterns those causes chest impediment and heart pain due to the dis-eases of relevant viscera.(2) Etiology and pathogenesis:The mechanism of chest impediment and heart pain is de-ficient root and excessive superficial. Deficient root mainly refers to qi deficiency of heart and lung. Excessive superficial is commonly seen in the form of phlegm-fluid stagnation, static blood obstruction and inhibited qi movement.(3) Treatment principle and method:Unblocking and tonifying are combined in the treatment of the diseases. Tonification involves replenishing heart, tonifying lung, fortifying spleen and tonifying kidney, and unblocking involves eliminating phlegm and resolving fluid, activating blood and resolving stasis, and regulating qi and resolving depression. And the re-lation of tonifying and unblocking should be paid attention to either more tonifying and less unblocking, or more unblocking and less tonifying, either tonifying first unblocking later or unblocking first and tonifying later. The treatment methods should be applied flexibly.(4) Prescription and medication:Shengmai Powder modified with raw Radix Astragali, Radix et Rhizoma Rhodiolae Crenulatae is commonly used to tonify heart and lung; Fructus Trichosanthis-Ramulus Cinnamomi-Rhizoma Pinelliae Decoction, Coronary heart small II with Danshen (Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae) Decoction, orange Citrus aurantium ginger Decoction or Xiaoyao Powder, etc. are commonly used to eliminate phlegm and re-solve fluid, activate blood and resolve stasis, regulate qi and resolve depression, altogether aiming to diffuse impediment and unblock yang. Liu was good at the correspondence of for-mula and pattern and the combination of formulas. He created the yang-unblocking and tur-bidity resolving Decoction as the basic formula of the treatment of chest impediment and heart pain, and the formula is composed of Radix Codonopsis, Radix Ophiopogonis, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis, Poria (or Sclerotium Poriae Pararadicis), raw Radix Astragali, Radix et Rhizoma Rhodiolae Crenulatae, Ramulus Cinnamomi, Fructus Trichosanthis (or Pericarpium Trichosanthis), Bulbus Allii Macrostemi, Rhizoma Pinelliae Concisum, Semen Armeniacae Amarum, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus, Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Flos Carthami, Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Lignum Santali Albi, Fructus Amomi and so on.
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