Effects Of Advanced Oxidation Protein Products On Progression Of Chronic Kidney Disease

BackgroundProgressive renal disease is characterized by the development of glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. This final common pathway predicts the degree of renal dysfunction and long-term prognosis for almost all forms of chronic kidney diseases (CKD). The factors that have been implicated in the initiation of this cascade are numerous and include angiotensin Π, growth factors, cytokines, oxygen metabolites, and mechanical factors. Recent studies found that plasma concentration of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) significantly increased with the progression of renal dysfunction in patients with a variety of CKD, as well as in patients with diabetes mellitus.Biochemical characterization has revealed that AOPPs were carried by plasma proteins, especially albumin. AOPPs formed in vitro by exposure of serum albumin to hypochlorous acid (HOCL). In vivo, plasma concentration of AOPPs closely correlated with levels of dityrosine, a hallmark of oxidized protein, and pentosidine, a marker of protein glycoxidation tightly related to oxidative stress. Thus, AOPPs might be formed during oxidative stress by reaction of plasma proteins with chlorinated oxidants, and have been considered as novel markers of oxidant-mediated protein damage.