| Caldesia grandis Samuel, is an endangered aquatic plant which was once considered to be extinct in mainland China and was recently found in some bogs of Hunan and Yunan Provinces. The distribution of Caldesia parnassifolia Parl\. is also sharp decreasing because of its living space destroyed. The task of protecting them is pressing. The protect of species must get to the bottom of their phylogeny background and using importance.The phylogeny status of Caldesia Parl was further analysed by means of chemotaxonomy and molecular biology and pharmacological activities analysed were also seen in this paper. The main results are presented as follows:1. This paper first reported the chemical components of C. grandis , C. parnassifolia and summarized the chemical components of Alisma L., Sagittaria L., Echinodorus Rich, which were close to Caldesia parl in phylogenatic relation. The diterpenoids were characteristic compositions which widely distributed in all four genus. There were kaurane diterpenoids in Caldesia Parl and Alisma L., clerodane, pimarene, abietene and kaurane diterpenoids in Sagittaria L., labdane and clerodane diterpenoids in Echinodorus Rich. In biogenesis approachs of diterpenoid, kaurane and abietene diterpenoids are advanced, labdane and clerodane diterpenoids are original, pimarene diterpenoids are intermediates.There are also triterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids in Caldesia Parl and Alisma L .Combined with what were reported about morphology, cytology and paleontology on those genus, it may be that Alisma L. is closer to Caldesia Parl than Sagittaria L. and Echinodorus Rich, and sustained the point of view of the genus Caldesia is probably the most advanced group in Alismatace -ae.The nucleotide sequences of the ITS (internal transcribed spacer) gene of C. grandis Samuel, were cloned into T vectors, and sequenced. Sequence analysis was based on NCBI datebase and EMBL datebase resource. The phylogenetic trees generated from maximum parsimony analysis showed that Alisma L. and Caldesia Parl. may share closer affinity than Sagittaria L. at the molecular level, which indicated their chemotaxonomy should be maintained.In the light of comparative analysis of the chemotaxonomy and molecular biology data, the evolution trend may be as follows: Echinodorus Rich, Sagittaria L, Alisma L., Ranalisma Stapf, Caldesia Parl.Saccharomyces cerevisiae is highly conserved with Homo sapiens in lipid metabolism. Both species are same in most part of sterol biosynthesis pathway except last few steps. The bifurcation of the pathway in two species is desmosterol. The end product of sterol biosynthesis in yeast is ergosterol and the counterpart in human is cholesterol. Based on available gene-disrupted Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains(the genes are relating with ergosterol biosynthesis), we combined different deletions by yeast sporulation, mating and tetrad dissection. Then we tested the growth status of the deletion strains growing in positive control drug-added medium. The positive control drug, mevinolin, was clinical blood lipid-lowering drugs and its pharmacology were well known. We explored the conditions of drug screening and confirmed one kind of phylogenatic character which could be used to screen potential drugs. And we screened extract of Rhizoma Alismatis, extract of S. sagittifolia L., by constructed drug-screening platform. The results of drug screening indicate that the forementioned durgs similarly inhibit the growth of YPL069C-deleted strains which was same as mevinolin. Furthermore, the results confirmed the feasibility of this new technical platform for screening blood lipid-lowering agents. Wo made use of the platform for screening chemical agents of C. grandis, C. parnassifolia, but did not find the active compounds inhibitting the growth of YPL069C-deleted strains.The essential oil of C. parnassifolia, was analyzed for the first time using GC-MS. Twenty-eight constituents were identified. The major components of the oil were hexahydrofarnesyl acetone(62.3%), tetramethyl hexdecenone (5.8%), myristaldehyde (4.7%), n-pentadecane (2.9%) and 2-Hexyldecanol (2.9%).The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was evaluated against seven microorganisms, including two clinically isolated strains and four reference strains, using microbiological cylinder plate assay and broth microdilution methods. The results showed that the oil had the antimicrobial effect on three of them. And the Caryophyllene, which was a chemical component of the essential oil and had been proved to show inhibiting effect on microorganisms, was also tested against the six strains, The results showed that the compound had the antimicrobial effect on M. flavus ATCC14698.This study has increased the understanding of phylogeny status of Caldesia Parl., which was previously poorly known. The present study has provided some important baseline data of pharmacological activities. Those research can provided theory guidance for building benign circle of species conservation, research and exploitation.
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