A Collation, Making Textual Criticism And Correcting The Fromr Of The Knotty Character And Words In Huangdi Neijing Suwen

The difficulty and complicated character and words in Chongguang Buzhu Huangdi Neijing Suwen were studied in this article by the methods of phonology and textual criticism and critical interpretation of ancient texts. The article consists of two parts. In the first chapter, the aim and significance of studying Suwen are introduced. Besides being helpful to read through Suwen, there are three meanings in this article: (1) enriching the academic thought in traditional Chinese medicine; (2) supplying reference evidence for the edition and revision of great dictionary; (3) supplying reference for the transplantation of Suwen into other languages. The review of researching difficulty and complicated character and words in Suwen showed that there existed ten problems in the previous reports: (1) The history conception Can't be carried through thus causing improper annotation; (2) the peculiar meaning of word in ancient time can't be understood thus causing improper annotation; (3) The changes of word typing and modification during handwriting were not well understood thus causing wrong correction and wrong explaining; (4) Replace the word with other concept stealthily during textual research thus causing improper annotation; (5) Don't understand the rhetoric method well thus causing improper annotation; (6) Misunderstand the grammar thus causing improper annotation; (7) Don't validate the book by medical theory thus causing improper annotation; (8) Don't understand the method of how the ancient explain a book thus causing improper annotation; (9) Neglect the existence of phonetic loan character thus causing improper annotation; (10) Take the ancient pronunciation with phonetic loan character thus causing improper annotation. Then we introduced nine researching methods: (1) Making explanatory note for difficulty and complicated character and words in Suwen by character form, mainly according to the form of ancient character, the change law of character form and the change law of Chinese folk characters; (2) seeking the word's meaning according to its pronunciation, i.e. according to the existence of phonetic loan character, the existence of paronym and the change law of pronunciation; (3) Making use of the old annotation; (4) Making use of induction; (5) Seeking the meaning according to the context, i.e. according to synonymy phenomenon, synonymous relations, antonymy phenomenon and context; (6) making use of the phenomenon of variants; (7) according to the law of word meaning extension; (8) Supporting evidence from dialect; (9) according to institutions and historical & cultural background.In the second chapter, collation and explanatory note were made for about 500 difficulty and complicated character and words in Suwen.In the end of the article, appendix of collection of phonetic transcriptions Chong Guang bu zhu Huangdi Neijing Suwen (《重广补注黄帝内经素问音释》) and the reference articles (published in 1991-2006) were listed.The innovations of the researchFor the research methods in this article, more attention is paid on Wang Guowei's double evidence Method, besides inheriting the method of seeking word meaning by pronunciation founded by Piao Jiaxue in Qing Dynasty. Meanwhile, the research results of Chinese folk characters is taken into consideration.The innovations of the research are as follows:Discussing the issues not mentioned by the predecessor : The word "锥" in the idiom of "斗而铸锥" (10A17) should be "鍭", which means weapon. The word "浮" in the idiom of "寒而则浮" (16B04) should be "(?)", which is the folk character of "沍". The word "夭" in the idiom of "色知面脱" (34B02) should be the phonetic loan character of "鋈", which can be proved by "鋈,白金也" in Mao Zhuan (《毛传》) for "游环胁驱,阴靷鋈续" from the Book of Poetry·Qinfeng·Xiaorong(《诗·秦风·小戎》). The word "德" in the sentence of "有德也,则气和於目" (201B15) should be interpreted as "得" in TaiSu (《太素》) which is corresponding to "亡" in the latter context. The word "气" in theidiom of "气和於目" should be interpreted as"忔", which means happiness inGuangYa·ShiGuyi (《广雅·释诂一》) corresponding to "忧" in latter context, and can also be written as "忥". "和"in the idiom of "气和於目" should be "知", which means appearance.Supporting evidence for the argumentation of the predecessor: The predecessors think that "内"in Neo'ing(《内经》)means the main idea of one research while the others is just the supplement. Our research results showed that the word "内"in means secret .The word"素"is similar to "朴,白,真", referring to the truth, so Suwen (《素问》)means exploring the truth. The meaning of "明" in "天明则日月不明"(09B07) is the same as "盲,茫,汒,荒,(巾巟),(目巟),(目荒)"for the same pronunciation. "陈" in the sentence of"是以圣人陈阴阳" ( 12Al1) should be pronounced as "徇" (noted by Wang Bing). "泣" in "凝泣" (28A03) should be "沍" putting forward by Yu Yue. "沍" is wrongly written as"泣", because the "氵"and "冫" are usually misused in the folk books. "互" is used as "立" in the folk books. "尤" in "蒙招尤" (28B20) should be annotated as movement. "伸官" in "外血無伸官之形" (31B20) should be "臾官" and interpreted as "瘐痯" according to xinjiaozheng (《新校正》) suggested by Wang Yunchuan. The reasons are "臾" is wrongly written as "伸" for "臾" is written as "(?)" and turned into" (?)" in fold books, and omitted as"申".Till now, it is written as "伸" during the movement of changing the ancient characters as mordern characters.Correcting the argumentation of the predecessors: "耗" in "以耗散其真" (06B06) should not be interpreted as "好" in ancient time for their pronunciation is different. "耗" refers to "妄" and can be annotated as in confusion. "交通" in "交通不表" (09B13) means the order of SiQi while the "表" stand for normal. "焦" in "肺气焦满"(10A03) is the same as "(氵罒焦)" which means leaking. "满" should be "漏" which is the same as that in renhesi (仁和寺)edition of Taisu《太素》. "九州" in "其气九州,九窍,五藏,十二节,皆通乎天气" ( 10B01 )should be the surplus words for "州" means the lower orifices. "运" in "因於寒,欲如运枢" (10B17) should be pronounced as"圜" which means the sun, "枢" is the same as"蓲"which means warm, and "欲如运枢"means it is warm like the sun is shining. "四维相代" (11A06) is same as "四气相代" which means long-time illness. "煎" In "煎厥" (11A08) means urgent. "煎厥" is same as "薄厥" which means shock. "有伤於筋纵其若不容"(11A16) should be interpreted as "有伤於筋纵,其若不容". "有"is the phonetic loan character of"或" meaning somebody. "於" is pronounced as "为" "其若" means possible."容"is pronounced as"用"。The sentence means that someone probably gets hemiplegia after trauma. "沮" in "汗出偏沮" (11A17) should be corrected as "袒" which is put forward by DanbO Yuanjian because "衤"and"礻" as well as"且" and "旦" in written book are misused. "魄" in"魄汗未尽" ( 11B09) is the phonetic loan character of "白" which means big. "当隔" in "阳气当隔" (11B17) means obstruction. "立" in "气立如故" (12A13) means the status. "津" means leaing while in "肝气以津" (12B14) means damage. "喘" in "心气喘满" (12B17) should be annotated as fullness. "端" in "端络经脉" (17A01) should be pronounced as "揣" while "络"as "格", "端格" means interrogate. "易" in "偏杜痿易" (22B04) should be pronouced as "(尣日匕)" The meaning of "痿易" and "跛易" is the same as "痿厥", "痿躄" and "痿痺", being claudication, and they belong to reuse of synonym. "尽" should be pronounced as "嚍" in "发尽"(23A11) which means full of QI. "发尽" stands for distention with Qi. "消者瞿瞿"(24A08) should be "肖者濯濯" in TaiSu (《太素》). "肖"means the phenomenon derived from Dao while "濯濯" means big. "肖者濯濯,孰知其要" means that the most profound principle of Dao includes too much to understand it completely. "闵闵" means abstruseness while "当" in "闵闵之当" (24A09) means answering. "闵闵之当,孰者为良" means those answers which is so complicated that people can't know whether it is right or not. "相"in "五藏相音"(29A16) refers to the physique。"音" is the phonetic loan character of "暗,闇,晻,黯,阴,霒,荫,廕,窨,隐,讔" and means hidden deeply inside. "五藏相音" means that the physique of five organs lies deeply in the body. Originally, "必齐" (33A19) refers to sauce with different kind of flavorings according to the directions of prescription. In Suwen (《素问》),it refers to the dietary therapy. "施" in "气拒於内,而形施於外"(33B17) should be interpreted as open widely thus and means swollen. "平治" in "平治於權衡" (34A01) means normalization. The notion of "鬼门" in "开鬼门" (34A02) maybe formed on the base of "归墟" and "尾闾" which refers to the door for excreta. The "巨" of "巨气乃平" (34A04) is pronounced as "歫", and is the phonetic loan character of拒, with the meaning of counteraction. The "他" of "阴阳反他" should be pronounced as "易" "反他" is reuse of synonym, and means opposite. The "孤" of "脉孤为消,气虚,泄,为夺血" (34B11) is possibly pronounced as "窊" . "窊" means lower and concave place, with the extended meaning of empty, big and powerless pulses, and is also called "窳". The "精微(essence)" of "五色精微象见矣"(37B04) is reuse of synonym, the things hidden and not showed is essence and is the manifestation of being with spirit. The "湿(wet)" of "是中气之湿也" (37B08) is the phonetic loan character of (?)and隰.(?)and隰mean the lower ground, "湿(wet)" means the lower ground and moisture, and the above three have the same extended meaning of lower place. "中气之湿" means deficiency of middle-warmer energy. The "去" of "蛰虫将去" (38B13) is the ancient word of "盖" ,meaning hiding. The "(亻亦)" of the "解(亻亦)" (41B19) is transformation word of "痑" and "惰" "裏" in "目裏如卧蠶起之状" (42A08) is wrongly written word of "裏"; "蠶" should be pronounced as "纔", and used as "才" with the meaning of just now. The "钩" of "喘喘累累如钩" (43A07) should used as "旬" which is similar with that in taishu (《太素》).The "旬" can be in common used with "营" and "环" in the ancient. "喘喘累累如钩" is interpreted as "喘喘累累如环". The "浑浑" of "其应疾,中手浑浑然者,病" (49A05) should be interpreted as "惮" (means weakness) according to the document from Dunhuang. The "权衡" in "气归於权衡" (51A01) means lung. The "权衡以平,气口成寸,以决死生" (51A01) should be read as "权衡以平,气口成;寸,以决死生" .The "以" in "权衡以平" can be annotated as if, "成" annotated as normal, "寸" pronounced as "忖" with the meaning of touching. The whole sentence means if the function of the lung is normal, the qikou pulse is normal, cunkou pulse can be used to decide living and death. The "白汗" in "发为白汗" (51B06) means profuse sweating. The "支" of the "胁支满" (53A10)should used as "丈", and is the phonetic character of "张" and as the folk character of "胀" . The two words "支" and "丈" are confused in form of official script. The "津泄" of the "其气令器津泄" (57A13) is reuse of synonym and means leakage, and refers to corruption in this sentencs. The "黑" of the "血气色黑" (57B01) should explained as "異" like taishu《太素》. "争异" is reuse of synonym, means very un-harmony. The "八运" of the "能存八动之变" (57B16) is corresponding to the "八风(eight kinds of wind)" in "分至启闭八节". Eight kinds of wind are interpreted as eight kinds of movement, which is related to the sound of musical instruments. The "呿吟" in "呿吟至微,秋毫在目" (57B17) means open and close, it should refer to open and close law of yin and yang. "秋毫" is the metaphor of all sorts of nature signs changing from eight open and close of yin and yang. The "鍼" in the "故鍼有悬布天下者五,黔首共馀食,莫知之也" (58A04) should be "箴",referring to "箴铭" with the meaning of dissuasion notice. The "共" of "共馀食" is collated as all,馀食means excess food, also refers to eating enough, the "见" of the "见其乌乌,见其稷稷"(58B15) means feeling. "乌乌" and "稷稷" are onomaopoeic words, are used to describes the voice of meridian-Qi moving. "见其乌乌,见其稷稷" describe the feeling of meridian-Qi moving when the doctor is focused on manipulating the needle. The "本"of the "四支者,诸阳之本也" (66A02) means headmaster, and the sentence means that the extremities is the headmaster of the whole yang-qi moving rhythm. The "员员" of the "头痛员员"(68A02) should used as "贞贞" like in taishu《太素》, and means solid and strict. "头痛贞贞" means headache complicated with stiff neck. The "澹澹" in "其逆则项痛员员澹澹然" (68B06) is the phonetic loan word of "沉沉" . "沉沉" is pronounced as "潭潭" ,and has the similar meaning of "几几", describes the stiffness of neck and lumbar. The "交" of "阴阳交" (70B01) means strugle. The "上" in "强上" (70B20) means head. "强上" means stiffhead, also referring to the neck. "悒悒" of "腹中悒悒"(76A16) means the blockage of the qi-movement, and it can be written as "唈", omitted as "邑". "邑邑", "悒悒" , "喝喝","介介" and "(忄勹亡)(忄勹亡)" have the same meaning of discomfort with qi blockage even after the transformation of pronunciation. The "食(亻亦)" is "食(亻亦)(78A10) . "惰" and "痑" have different pronunciation but their meaning is as the same. "射" in刺之血射以黑" (83B14) probably pronounced as "泽". The meaning of "漯漯" in the sentence of "痛上漯漯然汗出" (84A09) is as the same as "湿湿", which describes profusing sweat, same as "濈濈". "几几" in "几几然" (84B17) should be pronounced as "如". For in the regions of Qi and Lu of Hart the dynasty, the pronunciation of the words listed in "文(wen)"section are mixed with those in "微(wei)"seetion. "几几",己己" and掔掔" belong to pronunciation transformation of dialect words. So do "沈沈" and "澹澹". The meaning of "几几" is imposing, solemn in the Book of Songs.In medical classics, it means the stiffness of neck and lumbar. "其" in "其风" (87B08) should be pronounced as "忌" "心下崩" (90A09) means palpitationlike "贲豚" in Jinkui Yaolue(《金匮要略论》). "崩" is "崩(奔)" in sing word,单言, and is "奔豚" in wisdom. "相" of "居处相湿" (90A17) should be pronounced ad "瀼", with the meaning of lower and moister place. "因" of "气因於中" (91A19) should be pronounced as "垔" ,it is the phonetic loas word of "堙" in the classic books. "气因于中" means Qi blocking the middle warmer. "悬" of "故人不能悬其病也" (93A12) means measure and estimate. "鬲" of "皆鬲偏枯" (96B06) should be pronounced as "丽" ,it means confront. "跃" of "所谓甚则是跃者" (97B17) should be pronounced as "(尣日匕)"《说文·尣部》: "(尣日匕),行不正也" . "色色" of "所謂色色不能久立" (98B07) should be used as "邑邑" like in Taisu (《太素》). "邑" is the phonetic loan word of "喝" , "遏" and "悒", with the meaning of stiffness and depression. "至" of "各至其理" (99B08) should be pronounced as "侄" , means perseverance. "除" of "除三百六十五节气" means repairing and treatment. "(骨盾) of "刺皮(骨盾)以下" (103B15) is the folk word of "腯" with the change of the character components, pronounced as "音" . "皮腯以下" means below the upper abdomen. "从风憎风" (111B13 ) is the parallel word. "从" should be pronounced as "怂" ,and means fear. "榆" of "折使榆臂"(114B16) should be used as "揄" like in Taisu (《太素》) of Cang edition, Wu Ti edition, Zhou edition, Wu Mianxue edition. "揄" means hand down in Guangyun·Houyun (《广韵·侯韵》). "暑" of "立而暑解" (115B20) should be pronounced as "瘏" "立而暑解" eans limbs being weakness when the patient stands up. "隐" of "坐而膝痛如物隐者" (116A02) means hernia. "胫酸" in "淫泺胫酸" (116A07) is explanation of "淫泺" editing in the text wrongly. "泺" should be pronounced as "(酉樂)" (xuè). "(酉樂)" should be used as "泺", and it changes from "淫" "淫" should be pronounced as "沈". "淫泺" means sour and heavy. "动" of "骨节叚动"【注】(121B06) is the wrongly written word of "劲", and means fastness. "气立" of "气立孤危" (142A10) originally refers to the normal Qi of Fenzhi Qibi Bajie (分至启闭八节), here means normal state of five elements' motion and six kinds of natural factors (Wuyun and Liuqi,五运六气). "孤危" is the reuse of synonym, with the meaning of alone. "气立孤危" means the solitary state of five elements' motion and six kinds of natural factors(Wuyun and Liuqi,五运六气), losing the Qi transformation between each other. "繇" of "筋骨繇复" (145B20) should be pronounced as "徭" . "筋骨繇复" means that bones and muscles is flaccidity and fatigue. "鸣" of "其化鸣紊启拆" (160A05) should be pronounced as "明". Its explanation comes from Guangya·Shigu four(《广雅·释诂四》). "鸣" is used as "萌" in the classic books. "紊" is the phonetic word of "釁". "鸣紊啓" means that the seeds of everything begin to split and sprout. "靡" of "鸣靡" can used as "穈" in Wuchangzhen Dalun (《五常政大论》). In folk books the character components of禾side and米can be replaced with each other, "穈" and "靡" can be used as each other in ancient words. So "穈" can also be written as "靡" .As for the meaning ofsplitting. (土广屰) is the original word, and坼is the ancient word,拆is offspring word. "厉" of "民廼厉" (160B17) means unyielding temperament. "肠" of "隔肠不便" (183B07) can used as "胀", and means that intestinal fullness. "欬" of "呕苦欬哕烦心" (184A10) is the common word of "噫" , pronounced as於犗切, means hiccup. "白血出"(185B20) means profuse hemorrhage, similar with "白汗出", profuse sweating. "机" of "病机" comes from "幾", which is written as "幾者,动之先见者也" in Yi·Xicixia(《易·系辞下》). The indistinct signs showed in the outside of the body at the beginning of disease is called "幾" in Chinese traditional medicine. The concept of "幾" comes from Yizhuan (《易传》). "幾" conceals the un-formed principle. "血食"【注】(193A10) is the offer sacrifices to god and ancestral temple ceremony. Only the Emperor has the privilege in ancient. so "血食" is the other name of the privilege. "血食之君" is the other name of the emperor. "副" of "为万民副" (195B01) should be pronounced as "服", and means carryout. "严" of "医不能严" (196A11) should be pronounced as "譣" ."譣" in Duan's Shuowen·Yanbu (《说文·言部》is noted as: "it means asking." "医不能严" means doctor can not ask too much. "合" in "杂合" (197A06) should be pronounced as "詥". "詥" is noted as humorous in Duan's Shuowen·Yanbu (《说文·言部》. "杂詥" means the expression being entrainment, humorous and interesting.In the appendix, an overall collation for Chong Guang Buzhu Huangdi Neijing Suwen Yinshi(《重广补注黄帝内经素问音释》) is presented after correcting with Jin-dynasty incomplete edition, Yuan-dynasty edition and Yuan-dynasty incomplete edition for the fist time.