The Grain Production And Household Sideline Production Of Suiyuan Province (1928-1937)

Historically, the Suiyuan area generally refers to the west of Inner Mongolia area. After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, in order to strengthen the control of the Mongolia area, with the "Mongolian Chinese divide and conquer" for the policy establishment of ductflag and Dr tie SA in the region to implement the ban. However, since the late Ming Dynasty, taking Tumochuan plain as the center of the agricultural production has been greatly developed, after the prohibition, pass in farmers still continued inflows to the region, the scope and scale of agriculture continues to expand, the dominant position of animal husbandry economy gradually by nibble weaken. Yong Zheng period, additional management Han Chinese institutions "Hall", increase gradually,after Guang Xu period, "Hall" permissions by Council and ask the people, agriculture administrative region since the formation of the independent.In 1928 the establishment Suiyuan Province, being farming erosion also preserved Animal Husbandry Bureau in each county, and eventually formed the production structure of grain production based, supplemented by animal husbandry sideline, the habit of it has been generally left, livestock is the core and sideline production. The area consists of 18 counties, bureau of agriculture area animal husbandry area 18Mongolian Banner,18 County Bureau of the study area of this paper range refers to Suiyuan province agriculture zone. The main thesis is divided into four parts:Ⅰ. basic situation of grain production in 1928-1937 years of Suiyuan province are discussed in detail. First, analyzed the food species and on the basis of the total yield and planting area divided into large, medium size, small cases of three levels, the bulk of the proportion accounted for 80%. Secondly, analyzes the main reasons of regional distribution characteristics of grain growing and forming the phenology, soil, water conditions. Again, analysis of Suiyuan total grain output changes in ten years, and over the years from the grain total output and grain production counties over the years were studied, the conclusion is:Suiyuan grain production is in a by the disaster under the background of historical trough gradually recovery and sustained growth beyond the process before the disaster. Next, analyzes the situation of the cultivated land of Suiyuan Province, in the 1930’s, has put cultivated land of about 31400000 Mu, about 18000000 Mu of farmland have been real, assart land idle rate of 43%. Finally, by the analysis of the changes in ten years of grain planting area, the per Mu yield of, also outlined Suiyuan rural food consumption structure. The bulk:in twentieth Century thirty years, naked oats is the main food of Suiyuan Province, farmers planted the strongest preference, the per Mu yield improved slightly, the planting area increased significantly; Millet to Suiyuan Province second important grain, per Mu yield and planting area of the most stable; Wheat, the average per Mu yield fluctuation, The overall increase in planting area, because of its low yield, farmers planted with great care when additional; Beans per Mu yield also has increased slightly, higher economic attribute, because strengthening farmer market consciousness, so the planting area of the largest increase; Millet and Sorghum Yield per Mu declined sharply, millet planting area continued to decline, Suiyuan farmers alternative millet will strongly with wheat or oats, sorghum acreage due to falling demand for livestock to a certain level stabilized.Ⅱ. discusses the Suiyuan province grain productivity and food per capita and grain circulation. Firstly, The number of agricultural labor Suiyuan province were estimated. In the 1930’s, Suiyuan province population is about 2300000, the rural population of about 1300000, about 800000 of agricultural labor, agricultural labor force average 3.2 people. Secondly, analyzed the grain productivity and per capita, and compared in the national scope. Suiyuan rural per capita real 14 Mu of cultivated land, is 3.5 times the national average, although the thin but rely more on farming, agricultural labor Suiyuan each producing 909 kg, compared to the national average of more than 70 kg, per capita grain 409 kg, higher than the national average per capita 45%, were significantly higher than those in adjacent Shanxi, Chahar, Hebei provinces. Thirdly, analyzes the regional difference of grain productivity, the path and means of grain circulation. Suiyuan province overall adequate food, grain productivity regional difference is obvious, with the best irrigation of West was the highest, followed by Central section, East, North and Southern. This is caused by the imbalance between the counties share of grain, the formation of three major grain demand center: Wuchuan-- Guyang, Liangcheng -- Helingeer -- Tuoketuo, kueisui -- Baotou area, a total of about 70000000 kg of grain demand; corresponding with this is the three grain output center:Salaqi County, Jining -- Fengzhen, Linhe-an Bei, highest can outside for about 170000000 Kg of grain, the grain circulation unfolded, Baotou, kueisui is the grain trade and circulation center.Ⅲ. to promote grain production in Suiyuan authorities main measures are discussed. First, the agricultural experiment and improvement and the establishment and development of agricultural organization are analyzed. Secondly, analyzed the Suiyuan authorities invigorated rural financial reduce usury to farmers exploit policy. Once again, the Suiyuan authorities irrigation channels construction and afforestation are analyzed. Finally, to alleviate the banditry and strengthen the rural regime organization construction are analyzed. The positive efforts of Suiyuan authorities through many aspects, trying to promote agricultural production, developing rural economy, despite the shortcomings, but the overall effect is obvious.Ⅳ. the layered Suiyuan province household sideline production and farmers’income are discussed. First of all, to estimate the annual income of farmer household sideline counties and regional comparison. Secondly, estimated annual income of farmers’grain of Suiyuan and regional comparison. Once again, on the area and type of Suiyuan farmers annual income of a layered. Suiyuan farmers an average annual income of about 160 yuan, the grain annual revenue of about 127 yuan family, sideline production is about 33 yuan. To the county to observe, reflect the significant step and the polarization of the equilibrium. In all kinds of household observation, big landlord family in food and ancillary revenue is generally yeoman farmers all income 55-70 times; The landowner and the family of small landowners income in 400 yuan to 1000 yuan; fyeoman household income in general 200 or 300 yuan; semi self farming household income is about 2/3 of the tenant yeoman; The tenant is the most meager income, equivalent to only about half the owner peasants income; Suiyuan farm labourers wages in belongs to a higher level of national.In 1928-1937 years, farmer income Suiyuan province than in twentieth Century twenty time presents the trend of gradual recovery and beyond, especially in 1935-1937 years, revenue growth trend is very clear. Although the Suiyuan rural food structures with naked oats, And mainly on rice and flour provinces compared is rough, but because of its sufficient food, per capita consumption of meat ranks first in the country, compared with the national overall grain is not sufficient, Suiyuan farmers overall living standards at a high level in the whole country, but all this because of the Japanese invasion cease abruptly.