Making Landscape

In the domain of the rural tourism research, the most influential and controversial thesis is the commercialization of culture theory. Although researchers of the thesis are so much, but there has much space for further research. Through empirical investigation, the paper raisesthe analytical concept——"manufacture landscape",which characteristics the process of traditional culture beening producted as commodity. This paper aims to discuss the culture of the village in minority area that is why and how it is evolved into a manufacturing landscape in rural tourism development, namely reasons, process, mechanism and effects of the making landscape. The emphasis is to explore the relationship between power, capital and local, the connection about tourism commodity, landscape and culture,and the essence of rural tourism.In addition,it also points that "the intersubjectivity poetic dwelling " is the essence of ruraltourism.On the commercialization of culture theory, the theory has twoproblems:the research method is going into the dual dilemma and the research content has the problems of "weaking medium" and "missing actor". On the methodological level, the theory is simply and duality compared the traditional and the modern, city and countryside,ignoring the accommodation between the two, and finally it is going to the two opposite paradigm plight At the research content, the commodification of culture theory followes the traditional path from the hosts to visitors,Starting too much emphasis on the analysis of front-end——"commercialization whom" and back-end——"the commercialization for whom", and ignoring the the commercialization process and mechanism——"how commercialization".Too much emphasing on analysis of the tourists and hosts,it ignores the process of the strong mediums——power and capital——"manipulating". At the same time, the theory carrying the host perspective presents destination been squeezed and commercialization,which obscures the meaning and value of the actors in the process. Therefore, the perspective of tourism medium and the actors make the actoringof culturecommodification theory become possible.As for the nature of rural tourism, many scholars have building consensus on its concept through research,they think that properties of the cultural and the rural are the essence of rural tourism. However,The paper believes that these two characteristics are not the characteristicsof the rural tourism rather than the essence. Phenomenologyis about the existence and the nature of the problem, discussing the origin and essence of things more profound. Phenomenology has a clear positioning for rural tourism essence, and Heidegger is one of them.He put forward that the essence of human existence is"poetic dwelling". Benefitting from this, the paper thinks that the rural tourism is the long-lived dwelling of the local people and the short-lived dwelling of hosts,and puts forward that "the intersubjectivity poetic dwelling" is the essence of rural tourism,In recent years, the tourism development about the ethnic regions is similar to producting the landscape,"landscape manufacturing" is analytical concept which is used to instruct the minority tourism development in this paper, its connotation refers to the process of the meaning of the local customs, culture,ethnic life and the people living in have beening uprooted under the command of power and capital,eventually leading to "the intersubjectivity poetic dwelling"of tourists and locals been blocked.The local government gives the "right" of the tourism, and the capital takes a series of means to carry on the vallage. The government confirms the explore and pursuit the attractions of the outsider,gives the formal right to its development, and gives policy frame to the local development interestsof the landscape processes.The capital is taken to "combined" coding strategy on planning, segmentation, sensation, shielding, ceremony and fade, which setts the specific practice. For both tourists and locals, exploitation and resistance is existing,and at the same time, consensus and heterogeneous are also togehter. In short, the spectacle society is interpred, planned and practicedby the power and capital,and also it is a collective product through national shaping the imagination of rural society and compulsory arrangement of structure and the agreeing of part of the tourists and villagers.However,part of the local people and tourists are initiated the bottom-up resistance by violent and non-violent way.The spectacle society leads to the paradox phenomenon——the lost of home feeling about the local people, culture rupture, politic of the daily life, tourist free-busy and self realization blocked, and the separation of producers and consumers.