Farmers’ Development In The Historical Changes Of Chinese Rural Collective Economic System

Human’s development is an enduring, theoretical and practical problem. Human is the creative and value subject of the development, the development of human is the measure of social progress and value measurement. From human’s social practice, grasping the complexity of social relations, promoting the richness of human’s activities and highlighting the subject status of the human, realizing the free and overall development of human is always the founders of marxism adhering to the theoretical purport and the pursuit of value targets. In this sustained, rapid development of contemporary China, the development concept of "people-oriented" has gradually established and strengthened, the human’s development has increasingly become the focus of attention and study. The problem of farmers’ development is a special part of modern Chinese development, which is also the specific human’s development in this group. In contemporary China, farmer is the largest number of vulnerable group, while farmers’development is relatively lagging, need nurturing and supporting, which has occupied a special place and meaning, therefore, farmers’development is an important yardstick, which marks the overall development of Chinese degree and level, shows the real and full development of China. However, the farmers’ development is not only historical continuity, dynamic, twists and turns, but also realistic and specific, which is not the isolated existence within the scope of imaginative and ideal thought, but the reasonable exists in the determined and permissible range of existing productivity, decided in the existing productivity and within the permissible range, which is conditioned by realistic material interest relations and the current economic system. This means that the farmers’development is not belong to imagined or conceived comprehensiveness, but the comprehensiveness and richness of realistic social relations, that is, under the influence of the different rural collective economic system which is in correspond to a certain level of productivity development, the change and development of the essence and relations of farmers, as well as under the influence of the rural collective economic system’s adjustment and changes, the farmer has presented different content of development and state in the establishment of subjectivity, the ascend of independent consciousness, the expansion of labor scope, the changes of labor mode and social interactions, the satisfaction of needs, the improvement of need level and so on. It is worth noticing that the problems in the development of human, especially the attention and research of farmers’ development, are inseparable with Chinese "Three Rural Issues". When it comes to "Three Rural Issues", the research is increasingly deepened and detailed, which had been fruitful research results and a variety of solutions, but the transformation from theoretical research to the policy practice is not satisfactory. Farmer is the subject of rural society, and farmers’development is the core and foundation of social stability, which is the critical and key to "Three Rural Issues". While such a seemingly simple and basic logic, for the past many years had not achieved an ideal state. Whether in history or reality, although farmer groups have been got attention, widespread concern and strong support, but so far they are still limited by many factors, have not gained equal, full and free development, still at the bottom of the social development, have not got out of relative poverty, and even have become the bottleneck that are influenced and restricted the development of Chinese modernization. Therefore, in the concept of "people-oriented" and the common fault of today’s "modernization", the farmers’development is the major issue that is urgent that needs to explore.This article selects the development of Chinese farmer as the research object, the research methods include a combination of history and logic, unity of analysis and synthesis, association with normative analysis and empirical study, puts the farmers’development in the time dimension of the rural collective economy’s history change, on the background of the rural collective economy’s establishment, evolution, reform and development, elaborates the historical impact on farmers’development of vicissitude of rural collective economy; explores the main aspects of farmers along with the development of rural collective economic in different periods; excavates the correlation and regularity between the rural collective economy and farmers’ development, and then explores the specific path to adjustment of the rural collective economic system to promote the farmers’development.An introduction and six chapters are included in this paper.The introduction focuses on the origin and significance of the study, comb closely with the domestic and abroad theory associated with the rural collective economy and problems of farmers’development, analysis the related research results, determine the basic idea, basic content, research emphasis and difficulties of this study, discourse the analysis methods in this paper, points out the innovation and shortcomings of the thesis.The first chapter, the concept of rural collective economy and farmers’ development. Define the concept of rural collective economic system, which is necessarily based on the understanding of the rural collective economy. About the connotation of rural collective economy, is more controversial, different and more understanding of diversity, so this concept has a rich historical, theoretical and realistic meaning. To clarify the kernel of rural collective economy, it needs full inspection of related theory, history evolution and practical innovation, in order to form a comprehensive understanding of the rural collective economy. About the basic concept of farmers’development, it begins with pluralistic understanding of "farmers", as a basis for proposing development of the basic concepts of the farmers’ development. Combining with existing academic research, the main content, hierarchy, theoretical basis of the farmers’development is discussed in detail. Meanwhile, the relationship between the rural collective economic system and the farmers’development is to be summarized and generalized to lay the theoretical research basis.The second chapter, the farmers’development was during the formation of rural collective economic system. Selection and establishment of rural collective economic system has its intrinsic historical inevitability, the focus of this chapter is to explore the origin and birth of rural collective economic system, evolve the effect on farmer that in initial establishment period of development the rural collective economic system had. Before the founding, the seeds of rural collective economy was based on mutual assistance and cooperation that was on the basis of farmers’labor demand. Successful land reform was to achieve the social idea that the majority of farmer achieves "land to the tiller". Under the influence of internal and external social and historical conditions, the socialist transformation of agricultural and co-operative movement were carried out that had prompted the escalating change from mutual aid to primary cooperatives, then advanced cooperatives. The establishment of advanced agricultural production cooperatives were marked that the rural collective economic system was fully established by budding into shape. Here, the rural collective economic system was designed to solve the farmers’difficulties from basic survival needs of simple labor assistance to improving the efficiency of production, by simple labor solidarity aimed at resolving the problems of basic survival needed of farmers to improve the efficiency of production, the transformation to strengthen labor collaboration, achieved the change from the traditional dispersed smallholder to collective smallholder, the farmer won the initial development.The third chapter, the farmers’development was during the solidify of rural collective economic system. The stable and single rigid evolution of the rural collective economic system was in the period of People’s Commune System. With powerful organizational forms "Political and Social Unity", the people’s commune had mobilized the farmer which contained the rationality to promote the farmers’development. On the one hand, centralized and unified management mode improved the rural productive forces and standard of farmers’material life, inspired the farmers’revolutionary will "battle to fight", mobilized the farmers’full enthusiasm for the construction, affirmed the survival experience and life meaning of farmers’participating in the production of labor, gave farmer more clear sense of existence value, dignity and decent, cultivated and gave birth to the farmers’collective consciousness and spirit, laid the socialist direction of the farmers’development.But the rationality of People’s Commune System had not been effectively implemented, it not only beyonded the level of development of the productive forces, strengthened the organization and production planning, blindly pursuited the " great and fair ", " average and adjustment", but also ignored and violated farmers’wishes and requirements, depressed his enthusiasm for production, weakened the farmers’individual consciousness, heavily increased the farmers’relies on the collective, form the farmers’ dependence on the collective and comprehensive country, in fact, it had hindered the farmers’development and resulted a serious impact.The fourth chapter, the farmers’development was during reform of rural collective economic system. The establishment of two-tier integrating management system based on mainly family contract, marked the development of rural collective economic system to enter the reform period. With strong flexibility and inclusiveness, household contract responsibility system endowed the farmer a relatively independent business and property rights, ensured the legitimate interests of farmer, stimulated the great labor enthusiasm of farmer, the reasonable mining of farmers’potential greatly released the productive forces, effectively promoted the farmers’ development. However, due to the rural collective economic reform practice overemphasized "dispersion", while ignoring the "unity", it led to the imbalance relations between two-tier management system. On the one hand, the collective unified management was growing "decline", the lack of collective services function under the condition of market economy, has weakened the collective strength to farmers’, could not become an effective "umbrella" to develop farmer; on the other hand, the household contract was growing "weak", small scale, low degree of organization, resources inefficient allocation, less market information and high transaction costs were increased the farmers’needs to be faced with the market risk, the weak farmers can not afford the consequences of risk triggered. In the early reform of rural collective economic system has released the majority of farmers’ great potential and enthusiasm, however, the evolution of its implementation in practice also has caused a significant impact on the realistic farmers’ development.The fifth chapter, the farmers’development was during innovation of rural collective economic system. The rural collective economic system breaks through the imbalance dilemma of two-tier management system between "dispersion" and "unity", constantly seeks its own development and perfection. In the diverse organization form and innovative implementation have organized farmers effectively, through " scale management "and "vertical and horizontal joint "have cultivated and fostered the farmers’new development. The farmers improve their own autonomous consciousness, overcome human dependence, enhance the independent personality of farmer; enhance the economic value orientation, strengthen the equality of social status, promote the formation of the farmers’independent personality; diverse ways to value realization, expand the scope of social interaction, enhance the farmers’social intercourse ability. Meanwhile, the farmers are facing a new dilemma, that the farmers’development target is fuzzy, independent and subject consciousness is weak, the farmers’ subjectivity has not been completely established; the farmers’awareness adapted to traditional small-scale farmer mode is existing for a long time, the lack of advanced ideas and ways of thinking in conformity with the market economy for a long time, which hinder the pace of the farmers’market. In the process of agricultural industrialization and modernization, the farmers’ comprehensive quality and ability is low, the labor skills and quality restriction have determined that the farmers’development is difficult to get a higher level; the farmers’development of rights and interests have not been effectively, reasonably protected, which were forced the farmers to difficult development. In a word, the open, inclusive and innovating development of current rural collective economy system, not only brings "Gospel" to the current farmers’development, but also enables the farmers’development face with many new problems and confusion that need us to explore and solve.The sixth chapter, the realistic reflection of farmers’ development was during the changes of rural collective economic system. Through deep investigation of historical vicissitude of rural collective economy system, and the details combing of farmers’ development under different institutional system, which could form a depth reflection of the farmers’ development during the historical changes of rural collective economic system, namely, the status of rural collective economy can not be denied, the core of the restructuring of ownership relations, the higher the more pure is not good, which is conducive to the rural social stability, sustained agricultural efficiency and farmers’ healthy development, and must adhere to the development " confidence " of rural collective economy. Farmers’ development is the key among "three rural issues" and its rational pursuit need to constantly achieve. The benign interaction between rural collective economy and farmers’development needs to bring out the best in each other. At the same time, summarize the important enlightenment to promote the farmers’development in historical vicissitude of rural collective economy system, namely, we must deepen the understanding of rural collective economy, adhere to the socialist direction of the farmers’ development; develop the rural collective economy, strengthen the materral basis for farmers’ development; pay attention to the factors of human, ensure the core status of farmers’ development; need to diversify the forms, construct important stage of farmers’ development; face up to the problems in the development of rural collective economy in order to make clear the government responsibility to protect the basic rights and interests of farmers’ development. Finally, put forward "interest" as the core of the realistic path in order to realize the farmers’ "endogenous development" along with the adjustment of rural collective economic system.