Sino-Russian Energy Cooperation Strategy Under The Perspective Of National Security

National security which is related to the survival of nations is the core factor of the national interest. Many fields of security goals construct the national security goals. In April 2014, the Chinese President Xi Jinping, expounded China’s new national security concept, and the security field included the political security, homeland security, military security, economic security, social security, resource security, cultural security, science&technology security, information security, ecologica l security and nuclear security. Some scholars divided them into two types, the first six fields are ―original security‖ which comes into existence simultaneously with the emergence of nations, and the other fields are ―derivative security‖. As the national strategic resources, Energy security is not only the important composition of national security, but also a key element of "original security", and affects other security fields. Which contries wanted to control the energy to ensure the energy security is the main reason for the modern war. But in the current world under the background of peace and development, energy cooperation becomes the important approach to solve the problem of energy security. Countries are seeking diverse types of energy cooperation in order to solve energy security problems. Energy cooperation amongs countries are influenced by the various factors of economy, politics, culture, international relations. The influence of various international and domestic factors makes the energy cooperation complexity. Energy cooperation between countries has become an important part of national strategy.Russia and China are important energy production and consumption country of world, they faces the serious energy safety problem. Russia’s economy is highly dependent on energy exports, and Chinese domestic oil and gas resources can not meet the need of economic development in China. C hina and Russia’s energy supply and demand are complementary to each other, and the land adjacent to each other, while China and Russia are important force in the development of the world political multi polarization. China and Russian have common interests on both politics and economy. But the reality is that the Sino-Russian energy cooperation developed hardly, natural gas negotiation even lasted twenty years. The current international environment provides the most favorable opportunity for Sino-Russian energy cooperation. Considering their own national security goals, the two central governments achieve their strategic objectives by the Sino-Russian energy cooperation. The central government needs to use the strategic management thinking to develop and implement the Sino-Russian energy cooperation strategy to achieve their respective cooperation benefits. And the complex international environment and different actors have diversity cooperative goal, let the central government’s strategic management ability face the challenge. Therefore, based on the analysis of the Sino Russian-energy cooperation mechanism, using the strategic management thought and method to explore the government’s energy cooperation strategy under the goals of national security has theory and practical value.This research includes that analysis of the Sino-Russian energy cooperation history, constructing theoretical framework to analyze the mechanism of Sino-Russian energy cooperation; constructing the the Sino-Russian energy cooperation environment analysis framework, and using this framework to explore the Sino-Russian energy cooperation strategy. This dissertation includes eight chapters; the main chapters are the second to the seventh chapter. The second chapter is the literature review which review of the research about the energy cooperation theory and policy research, and the research of Sino-Russian energy cooperation. The third chapter first reviews the history of Sino-Russian energy cooperation; and then applies the content analysis method to analyze the Sino-Russian energy strategic cooperation agreement from 1992 to 2014 to reveals the regularity and characteristics of the Sino-Russian energy cooperation. And the last concludes that the key factors in the Sino-Russian energy cooperation are the economic interest and national security interests, and the two factors influence the process of Sino Russian energy cooperation.The fourth chapter uses the tension theory to establish the analysis frame of environmental factors on the Sino Russian energy cooperation. This research applies the tension theory deriving from Public strategy science, to establish the tension analysis frame of environmental factors on the Sino Russian energy cooperation. Applying this framework, the paper identifies the environmental factors which affect the enery cooperation, and analyzes the energy cooperation mechanism of environmental factors. This analysis framework improves the national strategic environment SWOC analysis method, and provides an environmental analysis tool to develop Sino-Russian energy cooperation strategy.The fifth chapter constructs the Sino-Russian energy balance cooperative strategy game model. In this part, the paper disscuss the conditions of the Sino-Russian energy cooperation achievement, and how these conditions affect the Sino-Russian energy cooperation archiement. This paper uses the method of evolutionary game theory, establishes a game model of Sino-Russia energy balance strategy cooperation. In the history analysis of Sino-Russian energy cooperation, the paper has recognized that the economic interests and political security interests are the key factors to determine the Sino-Russian energy cooperation. The Energy balance strategy game cooperation mode l characterizes the interaction of the economic interests and political security interests to affect the energy cooperation evolution.The sixth chapter is the classification and selection model of strategic model of Sino-Russian energy cooperation. Both two countries will trade-off the expected economic and political security interests of energy cooperation and form their own intention to cooperate. The interaction between both sides cooperation intention will form the cooperation situation. This paper adopts the typology classification method, and divides the energy cooperation strategy mode into eight categories. Different types of strate gic mode including its own strategic objectives and strategic policy, which reflects the different strategic thinking. Strategic mode will change as the strategic situations changing. This paper further discusses the path choice of strategic modes. Conclusion on evolution of path is the same with the evolution path of evolutionary game theory. Therefore, evolutionary game model confirms the rationality of strategic mode changing, and strategic choice path also explains the realistic meaning of the evolution path of evolution game model.The seventh chapter is the case study. First, applying the theory framework which constructs in the fifth chapter and the sixth chapter to explain how the Sino-Russian oil and gas cooperation intention and cooperation strategy mode change; Second, applying the energy cooperation environmental tension analysis framework to analyze the international environment which Sino-Russian energy cooperation have faced from 2013, and concludes the SWOC analysis result of Sino-Russian oil and gas cooperation; Last, based the conclusion of SWOC result to explore the Sino-Russian oil and gas cooperation strategy in the future.The innovation of this dissertation as followed: First, this topic is at the frontier of the research. The government strategic management is an advanced topic nomatter at home or abroad, there is seldom that applying the government strategic management theory and method to do the research on the international energy cooperation strategy. At present, the capability of formulating and implementing strategy has become an important capability of the central government. The central government whic h has strong strategic management ability can design the long-term national development plan, and cooperate with other nations to achieve more opportunity for the nation. In the field of energy cooperation, the complex international environment presents a greater challenge to the central government’s strategic management ability, so how to use strategic thinking to achieve even create more international energy cooperation opportunities and promote the energy cooperation between contries to ensure the energy security is a problem which every the central governments think and solve.Second, the dissertation innovate the analysis method. In the analysis of Sino-Russian energy cooperation mechanism, the paper deals the the game of stakeholders as evolution under pressure to make the choice, and the intension changing will be a dynamic process. Therefore, in order to describe this process, the paper uses evolution game methodology and analyzes the conditions of the intension changing from non-cooperation to cooperation. At the same time, through the construction of energy strategy pattern classification and selection model, the paper explains characteristics of the various types of energy cooperation strategic mode and the strategic policy, and then explores the changing path of the strategic mode. The dissertation applies the energy evolutionary game model and energy strategic mode to explain the rules of Sino-Russian energy cooperation.Third, the dissertation innovate the theoretical analysis framework. Before the strategy formulation, it is the stage of strategy environment a nalysis. This dissertation argues that at present it lacks some analysis tools similar to the Potter diamond model in the strategic environment analysis, so the strategy management theory is seldom applied in the field of national strategy. This research constructs the Sino-Russian energy cooperation environment tension analysis framework, to help countries analyze the effects of environmental factors to the energy cooperation.Fourth, the dissertation has some innovation views. In this study, based on the theoretical framework and theoretical analysis, the dissertation discusses the Sino-Russian energy cooperation strategy system which includes three basic energy security strategies and the two matching strategies of pricing power to energy.