| The damage and effects caused by air pollution on humans and theenvironment are gradually recognized. Air pollution includes outdoor airpollution and indoor air pollution. Outdoor air pollutants include gaseouspollutants, particle pollutants etc., and indoor air pollution is caused byexcessive harmful materials in indoor air, which will affect human health.The harmful materials include formaldehyde, benzene, ammonia,radioactive radon etc. In the past20/30years, haze weather has beenrapidly increasing in the eastern areas of our country, and at the sametime, the visibility has been getting worse significantly. Haze pollution isbecoming one kind of the main air pollution in cities. And ordinarypeople and scientific community have paid more and more attention to it.However, it still lacks systematic and in-deep research on health risks caused by air pollution, related economic loss, indoor air pollutioncharacteristics and pollutants.In order to deeply understand the health effects of air pollution oncitizens, this paper studied the health risks caused by inhalable particulatematters (PM10), SO2, NO2, haze pollution, and the persistent toxicsubstances (PTS) on particles. At the same time, considering the effect ofoutdoor air pollution on indoor air pollution, the mathematical modelwhich is used to calculate the concentrations of indoor air pollutants hasbeen established, and the model has been used to calculate theconcentrations of typical PTS and formaldehyde in the indoor air.Furthermore, the degradation techniques of typical pollutants, HCHO,NH3and volatile organic pollutants have been studied.The main results and conclusions of this paper are as follows:The average PM10concentrations of25cities in Yangtze River DeltaRegion during2005-2009were52.8-112.1μg/m3, and among them, theaverage PM10concentrations of Nanjing (107.3μg/m3), Xuzhou(112.1μg/m3), Yancheng (107.8μg/m3) and Hangzhou (108.2μg/m3) werehigher than the other cities of YRDR. The PM10concentrations in thewinter were the highest, about110.5μg/m3, followed by spring(95.9μg/m3) and summer (85.5μg/m3), with the lowest in autumn(78.2μg/m3). The potential health risks of respiratory system diseasecaused by atmospheric particulates in Xuzhou, Yancheng, Hangzhou and Nanjing were2.11,2.04,2.04and2.02times respectively as much as inZhoushan. The average concentrations of SO2, NO2and PM10in theurban areas of Ningbo were1.13,1.25and1.41times as much as those insuburban areas. The health risks of urban residents were higher than theresidents in the suburbs. The urban residents had the health risks causedby NO2as high as the11times the acceptable level.The concentrations of PM10, NO2and SO2(63.6μg/m3,45.3μg/m3and27.5μg/m3respectively) during haze pollution period in2009inShanghai was higher than those (63.6μg/m3,45.3μg/m3and27.5μg/m3respectively) in non-haze pollution period. And the concentrations ofPM10, NO2and SO2were highest in winter, followed by spring andsummer, and the lowest in winter. The outpatients of two large pediatrichospitals investigated have more outpatients in winter than other seasons.The number of outpatients in non-haze pollution period is larger thanhaze pollution period, which shows the hysteresis effect of haze pollutionon local residents' health. For the potential health risk analysis, healthrisks for all age groups in haze days were higher than those in non-hazedays and adults and children (1year) suffered from the highest healthrisks due to NO2in haze days.The related economic loss caused by haze pollution in Shanghai in2009was about7.248billion RMB, which accounted for0.49%of theGDP of the same year. Therefore current haze pollution in Shanghai brings large harm to residents' health and big economic loss. Controllingthe haze pollution especially the concentrations of PM2.5,can improveresidents' health and in turn reduce related economic loss.The concentrations of∑PAHs on the particulates in the air of thecoking chemical plant, chlor-alkali chemical plant, thermal power plant ofthe industrial zone are151.22ng/m3,66.85ng/m3and112.9ng/m3respectively; and∑PCBs ranges between0.2471.436ng/m3,and theconcentrations of∑OCPs are253.93pg/m3,230.27pg/m3and80.00pg/m3respectively. The concentration of Hg in the downwind fromthe thermal power plant is the highest of the three plants, while theconcentration of Hg in the downwind from the chlor-alkali chemical plantis the lowest.The results of carcinogenic risk assessment of gene toxic substancesshowed that the cancer risks caused by PCBs and OCPs on theparticulates were lower than acceptable levels by2-3magnitudes. But thecancer risks caused by PAHs through breath exposure to human bodywere higher than acceptable levels by2-3magnitudes. Among them, thecancer risks resulted by BaP were the largest. The cancer risk caused byBaP was263-823times higher than acceptable level for adults, and172-538times for children. The cancer risk caused by BaPE about103times as much as the acceptable level and the risk to adult is about1to2times as much as that to children. The health risks caused by the non-gene toxic substances were higher than the accepted levels by1.03to99.01times, and the risks for adults were higher than those for children.According to the law of conservation of mater, this study hasestablished a numerical calculation model of the concentrations of indoorair pollutants. The results showed that this model was appropriate forpredicting the concentration of pollutants within airtight and ventilatedbuildings. The results of the calculation showed that the indoor airpollutants concentrations and the resulting human health risks can bereduced by reducing the loading rate of building materials, and increasingair exchange rates.In this study, experiments were carried out to remove formaldehyde(HCHO), ammonia (NH3) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in theairtight and ventilated chambers. Results demonstrated that90.4%ofHCHO,92.3%of NH3and57.9%of VOCs were removed in the amineadsorption process, while67.5%of HCHO,60.0%of NH3, and61.2%ofVOCs were removed in the photocatalytic process. Under the conditionof insufficient ventilation, the cancer risk can be reduced by one order ofmagnitude after the8-hour amine adsorption process.
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