Taxonomic Study On Long-horned Beetle Larva Against Common Trees And Entry Timber

Long-horned beetles are important tree pests and forest plant quarantine objects. At present, the taxonomical researches of Cerambycidae main focus on adults and seldom on larvae. Actually the most of long-horned beetle life belongs to the larval stage. The larva is the main target for the control and quarantine of long-horned beetle. It is an urgent subject to carry out the larval taxonomical researches. In this paper, the larval specimen of long-horned beetle was systematically collected from forest plants in the east, middle-south of China and from commercial entry lumber in ports of Jiangsu and Shanghai Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau. Since2005to now, the number of specimen summed to2000specimens. Based on the specimen collection, each species of larva was identified and described, the morphological characteristics related was studied and the molecular biology method was used to identify the geographical population of larvae. The main results are as follows:1.Ninety species of larvae were identified and described. Among of them,22species belonged to Cerambycinae.47species belonged to Lamiinae.5species belonged to Prioninae,12species belonged to Spondylidinae.4species belonged to Lepturinae. Eighteen species of pupae were identified and described. Among of them,11species belonged to Cerambycinae,7species belonged to Lamiinae. The inportant quarantine pests included Xylotrechus rusticus (Linnaeus).Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeuse),Monochamus scutellatus (Say).Saperda lateralis Fabricius.Tetropium cinnamopterum (Kirby),Tetropium velutinum LeConte.Tetropium gabrieli Weise,Arhopalus suriacus (Reitter)2.Thirty two species of larvae of long-horned beetles first described in China are presented in this paper. They are Acyphoderes abdominalis Olivier. Chlorida festiva (Linnaeus), Elaphidion mucronatum Fabricius. Gnatholea liturifer Walker, Phymatodes testaceus (Linnaeus), Placosternus difficilis (Chevrolat). Plagionotus arcuatus (Linnaeus), P.detritus (Linnaeus), Pyrrhidium sanguineum (Linnaeus), Zamium incultum Pascoe. Xylotrechus savioi Pic. Acanthoderes quadrigibba Say, Acmocera compressa (Fabricius). Ancylonotus tribulus (Fabricius), Coptops aedificator Fabricius. Desmiphora hirticollis Olivier. Dichostathes quadripunctatus (Chevrolat), Eunidia fuscostictica Breuning et Mesos. Phryneta leprosa Fabricius, Saperda lateralis Fabricius, S.scalaris (Linnaeus), S.similis Laich, Agapanthia amureusis Kraatz, Exocentrus zikaweiensis Savio, Pterolophia persimilis Gahan, Acanthophorus capensis White, Mallodon downesi Hope, Psalidognathus atys White, Arhopalus suriacus (Reitter)Among of them, The larvae morphology of A.abdominalis Olivier, P.difficilis (Chevrolat), X.savioi Pic, D.hirticollis Olivier, P. persimilis Gahan. were first described in the world.3.Fourteen species of pupae of long-horned beetles were first described in China. They are A.abdominalis Olivier, C.festiva(Linnaeus). P. difficilis(Chevrolat), P.arcuatus (Linnaeus), P.detritus (Linnaeus), P.sanguineum (Linnaeus), Z.incultum Pascoe, X.savioi Pic, X.rusticus (Linnaeus), D.hirticollis Olivier1795, D.subfasciata Pascoe. P.hilaris (Pascoe). O.octopustulatus chinensis Dillon et Dillon, P.persimilis Gahan, A.tristis (Fabricius)Among of them, The pupae morphology of A.abdominalis Olivier, P.difficilis (Chevrolat). X.savioi Pic, X.rusticus (Linnaeus). D.hirticollis olivier, D.subfasciata Pascoe, P.persimilis Gahan.were first described in the world.4. Over500figures of main characteristics related with90larvae and19pupae were collected in this paper. The content of pictures included head segmental (dorsal view, venter view and lateral view), antenna, prothorax (dorsal view), prothorax (ventral view), the abdominal dorsal ampullae, abdominal spiracle and urogomphi of larvae and the dorsal view and ventral view of pupae. The keys of22species of Cerambycinae larvae,7species of Monochamus larvae,12species of Spondylinae larvae,11species of Cerambycinae pupae and7species of Lamiinae pupae were presented in this paper. The results above mentioned will pay a foundation for the future expansion.5.The morphological characteristics of Apriona germari (Hope) larvae were systematically studied in this paper. The measurement indexes included the head width, forns width, pronotum width, mandible length, mandible width, clypeus width, labiomaxillary complex width.maxilla width, antennal fossa diameter, first abdominal dorsal ambulatory ampullae width, stegma length, labipalp length of the interindividual larvae. Based on analysis of data, the larvae could be divided into6instars. Head width or forns width was the excellent division standards of instars. And the auxiliary indexes were the width of pronotum, the length of mandible and the width of labral base. Meanwhile, we culculated the ratio of forns width/head width, mandible width/mandible length, labrum length/labrum width, pronotum length/pronotum wtdth by using of SPSS.16Waller Duncan multiple comparison analysis。The results showed that the4sets of ratio changes small among the6instars. Then four ratio indexes were measured in seven species of Monochamus larvae. The results showed that they were significant difference among the different species of larvae. These ratio indexes can be used for the identification of larvae. In the course of the morphological study, we found that the strong mandible of long-horned beetle larva could be used as a bionic application object.6. The larva of Zamium incultum Pascoe was intercepted in Shanghai port at a high frequency and large amount. It distributes over16regions of11countries in4continents. The classification status of this species is controversial according on the morphological datum. Specimens of larvae and adults from16regions were analyzed by the COI-1gene sequencing, Fourteen of them were proved to be the same species, whereas the larvae from Germany and Taiwan China should belong to another species. The mtDNA-COI sequence of Zamium incultum Pascoe larva was compared with that of long-horned beetles from Aseminae,Cerambycinae,lamiinae.The results showed that Zamium incultum Pascoe approximated to Cerambycinae in the evolutionary relationships. It might more proper that Zamium incultum Pascoe was listed in Cerambycinae.