Grammar Studies On Xunshi Pinghua

In this thesis, studies are focused on the grammar system of early Korean textbooks of Chinese languages "Xunshi Pinghua". Full-text is divided into ten chapters.The first chapter is an introduction section. We first carried out research on the life side of Li Bian, editor of Choson's early age Chinese textbook "Xunshi Pinghua", and through the study retrospectively on early Choson Dynasty policies on China issues, revealing the life of the well-known scholar Li Bian's background of the times, summed up with the features of " Xunshi Pinghua" compilation. Then through the comparison of three different points of school-based wood carving scripts of the existing Jiangling " Xunshi Pinghua", we illustrate the principles and methods of text processing of " Xunshi Pinghua". Finally, through a Summary of Research on " Xunshi Pinghua", we pointed out the results and problems derived from the language studies of the book, and based on which, we proposed the focus of the study and research methods.ChapterⅡdiscussed the pronoun system of "Xunshi Pinghua". By detailed description of the pronoun systems used in "Xunshi Pinghua", we pointed out that it consisted by personal, demonstrative, interrogative and self pronouns, despite its own characteristics, but in general it still reflected the Northern Chinese characteristics of grammar system of the early Ming Dynasty, on behalf of the personal pronouns, in ' Xunshi Pinghua" where existed the asymmetric expressions, plural personal pronouns have ruled out the exclusive and non-exclusive patterns. This chapter also outlined the calling method and the classifier system of "Xunshi Pinghua", which have been described that numerals and quantifiers used in the book are basically the same with the modern Chinese, especially in base and ordinal representations.ChapterⅢdiscussed the adverb system of "Xunshi Pinghua". By a preliminary outline of 7 in 21 sub-categories and 132 adverbs in the book, we have summarized a monosyllabic adverbs, accounting for about 55% of the total number of adverbs, as many as 54 two-syllable adverbs, accounting for about 41% of the total number of adverbs, there are five three-syllable adverbs, accounting for about 4% of the total number of adverbs. In the adverb system, many are multi-meanings adverbs, for instant, scope adverb "also又＂is not only a continuous and accumulative, but also a progressive adverb; "rather好生＂both can be a extent of pattern adverb; "but却＂both correlative adverbs that carries or turns, and also affirmative adverb can be confirmative or rhetorical, etc.. Adverbs can also be compressed, both two adverbs or three adverbs, and this follows the principles of the adverb scope.Chapter IV discussed the preposition system of "Xunshi Pinghua". Through discussion, we know that the preposition system of vernacular part of "Xunshi Pinghua" consists of four categories composed of 10 sub-categories, with 31 prepositions of high frequency, there were 228 cases. Location preposition "in在＂and the preposition recipient "and與＂appear most frequently, accounting for 63 cases and 46 cases respectively. The functions of each preposition are varied, most prepositions only have single usage, but some with two to four usages. Such as preposition "and和＂introduce that target concerned, relate with the object or compare and match objects; preposition "with與＂indicates a mediated action citing a recipient, a speech object or a comparison object; the preposition "in在＂or "from徒"can refer, respectively, to time or location components, preposition "of着" can be a recite medium or act as standard tool.Chapter V discussed the conjunction system of " Xunshi Pinghua". Through discussion, we know that the conjunction system of "Xunshi Pinghua" consists of two groups and 9 sub-categories, with 20 conjunctions, of which as many as 11 are two-syllable conjunctions, accounting for 55% of the total conjunctions,9 are monosyllabic conjunctions, accounting for 45% of the total conjunctions. Taking the position of conjunctions as granted, in general, they can be the front conjunction in a clause, or post-conjunction in the main sentence. Which, surely, those compromising compositions such as "though雖是/雖然,便是,休道"the promising compositions such as "if若,若是,假如,要",the conditional pre-conj unction既,但是, the transitional conjunctions such as between然,颠倒",the reverse conjunctions such as " thus因此",which are all post-conjunctions. In general, the conjunction appears in low frequency in "Xunshi Pinghua", only 69 cases have emerged, most conjunctions occur only 1-4 cases ranging from the most frequent such as that of parallel relationship "and和"14 cases. Moreover, the compromising conjunction "though雕是"in 12 cases, said the hypothesis conjunction "if若"and the cause-and-effect conjunction "so因此"there were 11 cases each.ChapterⅥdiscussed the particle system of "Xunshi Pinghua". The particle system of "Xunshi Pinghua" consists of dynamic particle, event particle, structural particle, and modal particle. Dynamic particle and event particles are only generated in modern Chinese, while auxiliary and modal particle structure whereas are inherited and developed from ancient Chinese. Auxiliary and modal particles are more complex, the former has 6 groups as"了,着/著/者,在,這,的,有",the latter has 10 groups such as呵,時/是,者,看,麽/麼/庅,那,罷,也罷,這,来；the situational and structural particles are relatively simple, the former is mainly"了",which, supplemented by"来",the latter is mainly"的"and supported by"之."Chapter VII discussed the affix and overlap in "Xunshi Pinghua". Affixes, including prefixes and suffixes, in "Xunshi Pinghua" the prefixes are mainly"老-"suffixes are mainly"-子,兒,頭,家"."Xunshi Pinghua" contains also overlaps of nouns, verbs, adjectives and quantifiers. Term overlaps are mainly for the AA model and the small number are of AABB type; Verbs mainly as"Ⅴ-Ⅴ" type, there are a small amount of ABAB or AABB type; Adjective overlaps are mainly "AA(的)"type; The quantifier overlaps are mainly "AA" or "- AA " type.Chapter VIII discussed the special formulas and structures in "Xunshi Pinghua". These structures include the above sentence, fill structure, phase complement, resulting in sentences and passive sentences. According to state whether the use of language and syntax between complement marker, we mark the state divided up the structure and bonding verb complement structure combined in two categories, the former does not use grammatical markers, which uses"不,得,将"and other grammatical markers. In discussing the structure of bonding verbs, we are under the predicate and the semantic relationship between complement, will be divided into fixed node verb, verb bonding and verb mobile phase for the three categories discussed. Resultative verbs are mainly structured into two types VC or VCO, the resultative complements contain 23 categories and 120 cases,8 adjectives of 20 cases; Verb bonds are mainly structured into VC, VCO and VOC categories, relatively 167, 37 and 74 cases. The complement verbs tend to have 7 simple verbs,8 compound verbs; Mobile phase verbs are phase complements, in "Xunshi Pinghua" verb complements are mainly"得,了,的,者,在,著",among which,"得"has a higher frequency, the others are not frequently used. Complement structures are combined with"不,得,将"as the tag, where "不" marks the complement modular structure that can be divided into functional and dysfunctional natures. The disposition types are dominant by把(31 cases), supplemented with将(6 cases); causative sentences are mainly教sentences (25 cases), and a small amount of"呌,着/著and把",which can also lead to be causative. Passive sentences uses the "被" mainly (16 cases), and another two cases of"喫".ChapterⅨdiscussed the special grammars in "Xunshi Pinghua". The author Li Bian is a Korean fluent in Chinese languages, despite his original intention is to avoid the Chinese textbooks edited at that time by Secretary of the Chinese translation which have "more words related with Mongolian languages" or "rarely used Chinese ", but he can not avoid the changes of Chinese language and the impact of his mother tongue Korean, so in "Xunshi Pinghua" appear some special syntax phenomenon not seen in contemporary Chinese literature and literature of the Korean languages. This chapter discussed the specific syntax phenomena, such as"住的,道的"structures, "personal pronoun/noun+on that one," said the action usage behavior of the object or patient, bearing the word "years" constituted adverb phenomenon, bearing the word "root before" after the term for the phenomenon that the object moves, the plural noun "N+every" expressions, Special Measure "medium" and "D" for use, and some quite different terms in Chinese so that they contact or the product of Chinese and Mongolian, or the result of negative transfer of native language, are language and study the evolution of the phenomenon noted. This chapter also found one case of the book with copies of the verb (verb copying) conducted a study that found that this structure, at least in academic circles that the verb will copy the current structure is the age of 200 years earlier, thus it can be concluded:the verb Copy the age structure is generally Yuan and Ming should.The final chapter is the conclusion part, this article summarizes that the achievements are inadequate and a number of outstanding issues.