Game Analysis In Historical Materialism

Historical Materialism is one of the Marx's greatest discovery, which reveals the Objective laws of historical development, sketches the bright prospects of human society' development, guides Proletarian movement of the world. Fundamentally, the essence of Historical Materialism is "doing", and how to guide the human' sbehavior. "how to do" mainly discusses people's interaction that how to promote human society' development. Game Theory is the useful tool to analyze people's Interaction.Almost no one uses the Game Theory to analyze people's behavior in Historical Materialism at present. Form the Disciplinary perspective, there is little relevance between them. Historical Materialism is philosophical view and methodology, which is the core of Marxist theory; but Game Theory is a Mathematical model, and used widely in Mathematics' field and Economics' field. Although Game Theory is used widely in Mathematics' field and Economics' field, it researches the games between one person and another. History is people's expand behavior, people's behavior is the process between subjects and objects. The game is people's interactive behavior, and communication is the social game. So, there is internal connection between Historical Materialism and Game Theory, which also provides the possibility of game analysis in Historical Materialism.Practice is the basic point of Historical Materialism, which is the logical starting point in game analysis. Using Game Theory to analyze people's behavior in Historical Materialism is mainly concerns the Historical factors which affect people's behavior and the mechanism of the factors interaction, in order to explore the game results in the mechanism of the factors interaction.In order to analyze people's game behavior, firstly we analyze people's game motivation. Game motivation concerns to human consciousness,the purpose and human needs. All is related interest. In the chapterⅠ, we analyze the interest in games. Interest comes into being production areas, but it does not exist only in production areas, and it is in every corner. A person only considers his own interest. Pursuing of interest is the motivation and goal of people's behavior, and is the Fundamental motion and driving force of games. Interest dominates the game process. Interest is the topic in people's life today. Interest's Conflicts are general in society. "Prisoner's dilemma" is the typical behavior. To solve the dilemma, the key is to establishing the Confidence and anticipation. We can use information communication to Increase the prediction; use institution and morality to promote people to look for the game equilibrium, and help people to reach consensus on cooperation, and reduce losses because of interest's Conflicts.People cause the interest's Conflicts in the communication process. In the chapterⅡ, we research the connection between communication and games. There is no game without communication, and the game is the specific manifestation of the relational form of communication. Pursuing of interest determines the conflict inevitably, and contains the possibility of cooperation at the same time. The cooperation is very important in modern society. But the conversion from the non-cooperative game to the cooperative game is not overnight. The cooperative game not only need the two premises, which are consensus on cooperation and the repeated games, but also needs the game balance which is the key. In order to keep the game balance, we need play the roles of the State, and reduce the Opportunities that people make mistakes, and promote the cooperative game.We need Communication in Communication process, so we can not lack of the information. In the chapterⅢ, we analyze the role of information in Games. Information is the important factor in games. People use information to adjust to the game behavior, and correct the knowledge, and make the anticipation of the game results. Information is the core at present. It changes the pattern of activities, and it is another way to pursuit interest. But because of the Information asymmetry, it leads to the opportunistic behavior of "adverse selection" and "moral hazard", which bring about negative impact to the social development. If we want to contain "adverse selection" and "moral hazard", first of all, we should start from the information itself.We can use signaling model and information filtering model to increase the amount of information. At the same time, we should design some Mechanisms, through playing roles of the institution and reputation to get rid of "moral hazard".Interest coordination,achieving cooperative games and reducing "moral hazard" always need institution. In chapter IV, we research the influence of institution in games. As the rule of games, the importance of institution is to establish the stable game structure, through providing the game Information and the incentive mechanism, restricting the game selection, changing the Modalities of game participants to provide anticipation and reduce the game risk.Although institution establishes the stable order, its effectiveness depends on the extent which the game participants believe to comply with institution that in accordance with their interest. Sometimes, the game participants driven by interest go against institution or change it, causing institution changes. Institution change is the transfer of game equilibrium, which reflects the change of roles which people get interest from, and the change of people's interaction, and the trends of historical development. Institution change is important to historical development. Understanding how to achieve the institution changes form the game equilibrium to another is useful to analyze the social change.From another angle, institution change explains the limited of institution when it deals with conflicts. So, we need another constraint mechanism——morality. In chapter V, we analyze the system of Moral Games. The Moral formation Depends on Common Games, and morality which is the game guidance mainly adjusts to people's internal behavior. In the market economy, the moral guidance is Necessary.The motivation of achieving one's goal by interesting others affects people's consciousness, and the reason of reciprocity makes people keeping long-term relationship, achieving the balance between interest and responsibility. Human behavior does not only pursuit interest, but also a altruistic and self-enforcing constraint, which Fundamentally changes the Selected results, achieving the "win-win" situation.