Education Institution And Literature Creation In Han Dynasty

Introduction:the research in literature of Han Dynasty in 20th century had experienced a progress of start, develop, flourishing and so on. Not only the research related to the development of Han Literature, but also the inner specialty of it had been studied as the new century arrival. According to the current situation of research for Han Dynasty, this article started from the course system and teaching method, discussed the relation between literature and the education system of Han. The premise to study Han Literature of this article is deep study into education system of Han. Based on the discussion into the component of course system and the accommodation system, teaching method for it, this article will make a more comprehensive and systematical study on the system of education in Han Dynasty, especially on Classics, Philosophers study, various effects of primary course system and teaching methods on the literature in Han Dynasty. Expecting to get a more comprehensive, deep, practical understood for the creating and existence of Han Literature.Chapterâ… :Introduction of Han education institutionThe educational system in Han Dynasty was the standard system of education rules which regulated educational activities. In this chapter, we totally included the education system of the Country, school and teaching main parts, three levels. The Country level in Han education system had experienced two huge transitions:from Legalist to Taoist, from Taoist to Confucians. Finally it is confirmed to hold the aim of civilization and developing talents at the time of Emperor Han Wudi; The Course system in the school education in Han had gradually grow into a system with the core of studying Confucian classics, and with many peripheral courses under different institutions such as Philosophers study, primary course, Divination courses, etc.; The government of Han had build a institution of knowledge supplement to confirm a correct, efficiency transition of knowledge, it contains the selection of course; unify the connotation; follow the way to interpret from teachers and select students to be officials via exams. Teaching institutions is the rule system for constraint of teaching action, the method of education in Han relied on the convention, mainly relative to the teachers and students. "Teach", is up to teachers and "Study" is up to students, and the basic teaching method is reciting and debating.Chapterâ…¡:The education Institution and freely discussion of Han LiteratureIn this part we discussed about the transition of content, style and type of Han Literature, and the relation to education institution transition of Han. In pre-Western Han, the prohibition of private schools is abolished, many private schools were raised and philosophizers study compete on an equal basis, so it present a personal clear literature content with characters of diversified unity, and the type of integration and innovation was also obvious, and the article style displayed the characters of various influence left by philosophers in Warring States. After Confucian classics in the time of Emperor Wu getting domination status and becoming the legal courses, the content of literature were normalized by it, and the type mainly inherited the tradition as well as learning from present, the style showed mellow and elegant character. In the Middle and Later Period of Han Dynasty, the education institution gradually moldered as time went by, as the Old Classics which represented the style of comprehensive study prevailed, the idea of philosophers increased in the literature content which was still on the base of Classics. The new change happened in the respects of type and style, which showed the emergence of five-character poems written by scholars and appearance of popular style. There were many factors which affected literature change mentioned above, and the system of education in Han Dynasty was one of the most important factors.In the Chaptersâ…¢-â…¥it discussed the relationship of Classics, Divination Philosophers study and system of primary course to the literature creation inspected.Chapterâ…¢:The Classics which the scholars must study were official and major courses, and it deeply affected the scholars' literature writing in Han Dynasty. As the official course, the Classics influenced not only different literature type, such as CiFu, historiography and political essays, but also different aspects including form, content, and style etc.. In the terms of content, DaFu, literature of historiography and political essays which were all deeply affected by Confucian classics and commentaries became the tools expressing the connotations of F In the terms of types, most of them had close relations with Classic texts. The type of preface, biography or record all came from Confucian classics and commentaries which also the influenced the ways of deep meaning statement and the beginning of the works.The type of Four-character and exegesis in classics and commentaries got widely used in the different literature text. In the form of speech, the ways,such as using satire to advisee or sublime words with deep meaning that classics and commentaries praised,became the theory basis of scholars'literature expression which often employed the following ways of speech:taking praising as satire,obeying the sage and Classics, and so on. In addition, the certain article style of natural, graceful, poised and slowness; pursuing the elegance in diction and syllable harmony, are all deeply affected by the Classics. This is closely connected with the background of the education institutionalization in Han Dynasty.Chapterâ…£:Divination became a course is the result of the Classics been effected by divination. The Classics been effected by divination started from mid-Western Han, when the doctor of Five-Classics explain the Classics via divination. So the government approved the only way to explain the Five-Classics is the way via divination. The political essays, history, etc. types of writing were all affected by it. The Divination courses had also affected the arguing way of political essays of Han. The Divination explained the rationality of royalty with "the God chosen", and rationality of dominate with "the regular patterns of the world", and rationality of disasters and anomalisms with "the God's will", therefore made two completely different types of reasoning pattern for political essays. In the beginning of Han Dynasty, it showed clear tendency of reality when most political essays, which were based on the reality and the fact, explained the right of king, the change of political power and criticized the present politics.(e.g. Jia Yi, Yao Cuo in pre-Western Han Dynasty) When Divination rose, most political essays began to using the destiny to explain the legality of the right of king, the way of God to explain the rule of the emperors and the will of God to explain the disaster and criticized the malpractice, so these essays showed clear tendency of view of destiny.(e.g. Ban Biao's "Titan's Thesis").Divination affected the narrative pattern of historical-biography literature. The king and sages in the Divination text all had miraculous experiences, such as having supernatural birth, strange appearance and Heaven mandate. All these concentrated on a certain person and constituted the stable pattern of narrative in Divination text. This pattern affected the historical-biography literature. From "Shi Ji" in Western Han to "Han Shu" in Eastern Han to epigraph text written in later-Eastern Han, the effect from Divination is more and more distinct, and there were two different tropisms to write a God's or a man's pattern. In "ShiJi", the Five-Emperors are perfect human emperors, LiuBang is a low-born emperor, KongZi is a Saint in teachers, all of above had lots of characters of man; While LiuBang in "HanShu" had mandate from god evidence which insisted that imperial Han came from emperor Tang; In the epigraphs later on, all the ancient emperors, emperor who founded Han Dynasty and Saint Kong Zi had miracles like born of destiny, had different appearances, held the will of God to the world,etc. it was like the very narrating patterns which narrated the stories for the Saints, therefore had obvious trend to narrate in an unearthly way.The histories described in the Divination about the Saints fashioned the universe and started humanities, affected the narrating pattern in Fu literatures. When Fu articles extolled the emperors of Han Dynasty, they often began with the myth of world creation, which aimed at highlighting the emperors'contribution of establishing the new situation. Additionally, narrative of saints in Divination laid the mode of ancient emperors' achievement. By the romantic imagination Fu articles described the images of god who mastered the fate, saved the world and people, and galloped in the space. Divination used the auspicious omen to describe the ancient king's domination, formed a special narrating pattern to praise the Saints.Chapterâ…¤:Although the courses of philosophers study could not get official position in Han Dynasty, they were still inherited continually in the way of unofficial system, especially the course of the Taoist School and the Legalist School. The courses of philosophers study which were paralleled to Classics system greatly influenced the scholars' literature creativity in different periods of Han Dynasty and showed diversified patterns. Roughly speaking, in the respect of content, because of different inner personalities, most writers in Han Dynasty touted Legalism when they expressed thoughts in political field, thus making political essays more rational, and when they settled for their own lives, they tended towards Taoism. In the respect of text, because of debating features which originally existed in philosophers' texts, the literature types as the debating articles and Fu had deep relations with them. The relations between debating articles and philosophers texts not only manifested that the type of debating articles such as "Yan" and "Yu", which directly inherited Pre-Qin philosophers' tradition, but also manifested that the scholars often employed Taoism as a starting point and took heavenly laws to explain the world of men, which showed clear character of Taoism.On the other hand, when they proved their thoughts or opinions, they often used other materials such as historical legend, fables or myths to express their real meanings. Moreover, we can clearly find that the courses of Philosophers'study also influenced the style of debating essays.As an important literature style in Han Dynasty, Fu had closer relation with Philosophers than with Five Classics. Five Classics affected Fu mainly focused on the level of content, spirit and change of four-character-type. In the respect of literature type, the production of "Qiti", the type of asking and answering and "Lianzhuti" all had close relation with Philosophers texts. In the specific structure of Fu articles,the features such as beginning with imagining figures, elaborating the content by the way of debating, and ending with convincing the opponent, all benefited from Philosophers text. The direct origin of imagining figures to hiding the real meaning could be found in the text of Zhuanzi. The way of over-exaggeration which was the important feature of Fu in Han Dynasty came from Taoist and Strategist. They were essential methods for the Strategists that they often used extreme mode of expression, direct narrative and exaggeration. The character of "large but no outside, tiny but no inside", which was Taoist exaggerated description for the objects, was another important influence source to Fu.Chapter VI:The primary study was very flourishing, and its teaching was strict. The Fu-authors in Han Dynasty most had sound basis of primary study. So the text of primary study also had clear influence on Fu-creation, including the following three points:one was the sentence pattern of Four-character-rhyme; the second was the way of writing with the character of categorical arrangement, the third was the structure with extolling ending.Chapter VII:Teaching method and literature creation in Han DynastyThere were two main kinds of teaching ways in Han Dynasty, that is to say, reciting and debating. Reciting was an important way for the scholars to study poems and Classics books, and it is closely related with the definition, the origin and the reciting character of Fu articles. "Singing" and "Reciting" are two basic ways used in "Shi" to narrate. The way named "Reciting" is not only a core around which people in Han defined Fu, but also a explain to the original properties Fu the new type articles held. "Reciting but no singing is called Fu", reciting made the boundary between "Shi" and "Fu"; Reciting in Fu came from Six Teaching of music in Zhou Dynasty. The subjects, situation, theme, pattern of Fu in ChunQiu Dynasty indicated that the subject of Fu in ChunQiu Dynasty is envoy, Fu made by envoy means Fu that "Reciting but no singing". The "Reciting" is reciting with mandarin, it originated from reciting in YueYu, thus indicated the so called Fu that "Reciting without singing". Fu articles had apparent nature of reciting, the population of Reciting in Han is the outward manifestation of the nature. Fu had an inner aesthetic of rhythm. Poems, rhythm and lots of disyllable words used in Fu articles made Fu characterizing reciting. Debating was another important way of teaching which apparently affected argumentative prose. The rise of debating in Classics study made the works of argumentative prose increase, and also made them change. In the respect of form, the type of question and answering was transformed into the type of debating, and in the respect of talking ways; the type of argument was transformed into the type of refutation.